83_FR_17618 83 FR 17541 - Intent To Prepare a Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Dam Safety Modification Study Report for Center Hill Dam, DeKalb County, Tennessee

83 FR 17541 - Intent To Prepare a Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Dam Safety Modification Study Report for Center Hill Dam, DeKalb County, Tennessee

DEPARTMENT OF THE DEFENSE
Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers

Federal Register Volume 83, Issue 77 (April 20, 2018)

Page Range17541-17542
FR Document2018-08291

Pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, as amended, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District (USACE) is preparing a draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to support the Dam Safety Modification Study Report (DSMSR) for Center Hill Dam. The study would evaluate the main dam spillway gate operability, the saddle dam fuse plug operation, and spillway additions to the new Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) berm structure at the saddle dam, all for the purpose of lowering risk at Center Hill Dam, DeKalb County, Tennessee.

Federal Register, Volume 83 Issue 77 (Friday, April 20, 2018)
[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 77 (Friday, April 20, 2018)]
[Notices]
[Pages 17541-17542]
From the Federal Register Online  [www.thefederalregister.org]
[FR Doc No: 2018-08291]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF THE DEFENSE

Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers


Intent To Prepare a Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the 
Dam Safety Modification Study Report for Center Hill Dam, DeKalb 
County, Tennessee

AGENCY: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, DoD.

ACTION: Notice of Intent.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: Pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 
1969, as amended, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District 
(USACE) is preparing a draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to 
support the Dam Safety Modification Study Report (DSMSR) for Center 
Hill Dam. The study would evaluate the main dam spillway gate 
operability, the saddle dam fuse plug operation, and spillway additions 
to the new Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) berm structure at the saddle 
dam, all for the purpose of lowering risk at Center Hill Dam, DeKalb 
County, Tennessee.

DATES: Comments regarding the NOI must be received by USACE within 30 
days of publication of the NOI on or before May 20, 2018.

ADDRESSES: USACE-Nashville District, 110 9th Avenue South, RM 405A, 
Nashville, Tennessee 37203-3817.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Please direct your comments to Joy 
Broach, Aquatic Biologist, (615) 736-7956; email: 
joy.i.broach@usace.army.mil. Written comments can be mailed to the 
address above.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 1. Background Information. Center Hill Dam 
was designed in the 1930s, constructed in the 1940s, and impounded in 
the early 1950s. The dam was built on karst geology using accepted 
engineering practices of the day. Center Hill Dam consists of a 248' 
high by 1,400' long combination earthen embankment and concrete main 
dam, and a 125' high by 800' long earthen embankment auxiliary dam 
referred to as the saddle dam. The main dam has eight 34' x 57' 
spillway gates that rotate upward to safely pass flow during and after 
large rainfall events. To comply with updated design flood guidance, a 
self-eroding fuse plug section was retrofitted into the top of the 
saddle dam in 1992 to serve as an emergency spillway. The fuse plug 
operation almost doubles Center Hill's total spillway capacity to keep 
the main dam from overtopping during an extreme flood event. A Dam 
Safety Modification Study to reduce the risk of a foundation seepage 
dam failure was approved in late 2006 and consisted of three major 
construction contracts beginning in 2008. The first contract injected 
concrete grout into the foundation of the main dam embankment (soil 
portion of the dam) and was completed in 2010. The second contract 
installed a concrete barrier wall into the main dam embankment and was 
completed in 2015. This concrete barrier wall is the permanent seepage 
barrier protection for the main dam embankment. The third major 
contract for construction of a Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) berm 
below the saddle dam began in September 2016 and is on-going. The 
purpose of the RCC berm is to reduce the risk of saddle dam failure 
caused by under-seepage or overtopping during an extreme flood event. A 
Post Implementation Evaluation (PIE) was completed in 2017 to assess 
the effectiveness of the above construction

[[Page 17542]]

efforts to reduce the risk of dam failure. During the PIE, additional 
risk issues were noted concerning the 70-year old main dam spillway 
gates. Electrical, mechanical and structural operability issues affect 
the reliability of controlled spillway releases. If the spillway gates 
do not reliably operate during an extreme flood event, the reservoir 
would raise and potentially result in a premature fuse plug operation. 
The fuse plug is designed to discharge approximately 400,000 cubic feet 
per second within 30 minutes. The consequences of premature discharge 
of an enormous volume of flood water are estimated to be above the 
Corps of Engineer's tolerable risk limit. The draft EIS would address 
the findings of the PIE and assess effectiveness of potential 
alternatives to further reduce risk and increase dam safety. The dam 
seepage repair construction contracts noted previously, have increased 
dam safety and were covered under previous NEPA documents.
    2. Potential Alternatives. The draft EIS would address an array of 
alternatives that could reduce the risk of life loss, extensive 
downstream damage, functional loss of the project, and the loss of 
project benefits. The nature and extent of the alternatives would be 
determined based on the results of on-going engineering studies, public 
and agency input during the scoping period, and preparation of the 
draft EIS. Alternatives, either individually or in combination, that 
have potential to affect structures or operations of the dam may 
include the following:
    a. Replacement of the current gate machinery with hydraulic 
machinery that can operate under water;
    b. Addition of equipment to the current spillway gates to keep them 
open if the operating machinery is underwater;
    c. Modification of the spillway gates or gate machinery to allow 
operation from the top of the dam;
    d. Relocation of the gate operating machinery to the road level, 
which would require raising or relocating Highway 96 which currently 
crosses over the dam;
    e. Removal of the existing fuse plug at the saddle dam and 
installation of spillway additions on top of the newly constructed RCC 
Berm to discharge flood water down the valley;
    f. Modification of the emergency operations plan in the water 
control manual that determines how to manage floods at Center Hill Dam; 
and
    g. Other alternatives as identified by on-going engineering 
studies, the public, and agencies.
    3. Issues To Be Addressed. USACE is evaluating ways of raising, 
modifying, and/or replacing existing spillway gates and operating 
equipment to address spillway gate reliability for all range of 
possible flood events, especially large and more extreme flood events. 
The DSMSR and draft EIS would evaluate the Center Hill Dam Water 
Control Manual emergency operating procedures and potential alternative 
spillway options to determine if changes are warranted to minimize 
overall dam safety risk. The draft EIS would include, but is not 
limited to identification and evaluation of effects to aquatic and 
terrestrial habitats, cultural resources, state and federally listed 
species, socioeconomics, public safety, structures, hydrology and 
hydraulics, recreation, water supply, water quality, flood storage, 
hydropower production, land use, visual and aesthetic resources, and 
dam safety risk reduction at Center Hill Dam as a result of the 
proposed alternatives.
    4. Public Involvement and Scoping. This NOI serves as the initial 
step to involve Federal and state agencies, Indian Tribes, local 
governments, and the public in an early and transparent process in 
accordance with NEPA requirements. The draft EIS would address impacts 
to the human environment due to the proposed alternatives. Concerns 
would be identified based on public and agency input during the scoping 
process and during preparation of the draft EIS. All interested parties 
are encouraged to submit their name and email address to the address 
noted above, to be placed on the project mailing list to receive fact 
sheets, newsletters and related public notices. All interested parties 
are invited to identify issues that should be addressed in the draft 
EIS. A scoping meeting is scheduled for May 3, 2018 from 6:00-8:00 p.m. 
at The Buffalo Valley Community Center, 2717 Buffalo Valley School 
Road, Buffalo Valley, Tennessee. The purpose of the public scoping 
meeting is to present information to the public regarding potential 
alternatives that would be addressed in the draft EIS, receive public 
comments, and to solicit input regarding dam safety concerns, 
alternatives to consider, and environmental or social issues of concern 
to the public.
    6. Availability of the Draft EIS. USACE intends to circulate the 
draft EIS in the late 2018/early 2019 time frame. USACE will announce 
availability of the draft EIS in the Federal Register and other media, 
and will provide interested parties an opportunity to submit comments 
to be addressed in the final EIS.

    Dated: April 13, 2018.
Angela E. Dunn,
Project Planning Branch Chief, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville 
District.
[FR Doc. 2018-08291 Filed 4-19-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 3720-58-P



                                                                                 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 77 / Friday, April 20, 2018 / Notices                                          17541

                                                Annual Report to Congress on Future                     Authorization Change Report (PACR) is                 to the new Roller Compacted Concrete
                                                Water Resources Development; and                        required to be completed to support                   (RCC) berm structure at the saddle dam,
                                                   • If the proposal was included in the                potential modifications, updates to                   all for the purpose of lowering risk at
                                                Annual Report table in a previous                       project costs, and an increase to the 902             Center Hill Dam, DeKalb County,
                                                Report to Congress on Future Water                      limit. Authority to undertake a 902                   Tennessee.
                                                Resources Development, then the                         study is inherent in the project                      DATES: Comments regarding the NOI
                                                proposal is not eligible to be included                 authority, so no authority is required to             must be received by USACE within 30
                                                in the Annual Report table. If a proposal               proceed with the study. Since these                   days of publication of the NOI on or
                                                was previously included in an appendix                  PACRs support project modifications,                  before May 20, 2018.
                                                it may be re-submitted.                                 they may be considered for inclusion in               ADDRESSES: USACE-Nashville District,
                                                   5. If authorized, could be carried out               the Annual Report if a report’s                       110 9th Avenue South, RM 405A,
                                                by the USACE.                                           recommendation requires Congressional                 Nashville, Tennessee 37203–3817.
                                                   • Whether following the USACE                        authorization.
                                                                                                                                                              FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
                                                Chief’s Report process or Section 7001                    The Secretary shall include in the
                                                                                                                                                              Please direct your comments to Joy
                                                of WRRDA 2014, a proposal for a project                 Annual Report to Congress on Future
                                                                                                                                                              Broach, Aquatic Biologist, (615) 736–
                                                or a project modification would need a                  Water Resources Development a
                                                                                                                                                              7956; email: joy.i.broach@
                                                current decision document to provide                    certification stating that each feasibility
                                                                                                                                                              usace.army.mil. Written comments can
                                                updated information on the scope of the                 report, proposed feasibility study, and
                                                                                                                                                              be mailed to the address above.
                                                potential project and demonstrate a                     proposed modification to an authorized
                                                                                                                                                              SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 1.
                                                clear Federal interest. This                            water resources development project or
                                                determination would include an                          feasibility study included in the Annual              Background Information. Center Hill
                                                assessment of whether the proposal is:                  Report meets the criteria established in              Dam was designed in the 1930s,
                                                                                                        Section 7001 of WRRDA 2014.                           constructed in the 1940s, and
                                                —Technically sound, economically                                                                              impounded in the early 1950s. The dam
                                                   viable and environmentally                             Please contact the appropriate district
                                                                                                        office or use the contact information                 was built on karst geology using
                                                   acceptable.                                                                                                accepted engineering practices of the
                                                —Compliant with environmental and                       above for assistance in researching and
                                                                                                        identifying existing authorizations and               day. Center Hill Dam consists of a 248′
                                                   other laws including but not limited                                                                       high by 1,400′ long combination earthen
                                                   to National Environmental Policy Act,                existing USACE decision documents.
                                                                                                        Those proposals that do not meet the                  embankment and concrete main dam,
                                                   Endangered Species Act, Coastal Zone                                                                       and a 125′ high by 800′ long earthen
                                                   Management Act, and the National                     criteria will be included in an appendix
                                                                                                        table included in the Annual Report to                embankment auxiliary dam referred to
                                                   Historic Preservation Act.                                                                                 as the saddle dam. The main dam has
                                                —Compliant with statutes and                            Congress on Future Water Resources
                                                                                                        Development. Proposals in the appendix                eight 34′ x 57′ spillway gates that rotate
                                                   regulations related to water resources                                                                     upward to safely pass flow during and
                                                   development including various water                  table will include a description of why
                                                                                                        those proposals did not meet the                      after large rainfall events. To comply
                                                   resources provisions related to the                                                                        with updated design flood guidance, a
                                                   authorized cost of projects, level of                criteria.
                                                                                                                                                              self-eroding fuse plug section was
                                                   detail, separable elements, fish and                   Dated: April 13, 2018.                              retrofitted into the top of the saddle dam
                                                   wildlife mitigation, project                         James C. Dalton,                                      in 1992 to serve as an emergency
                                                   justification, matters to be addressed               Director of Civil Works.                              spillway. The fuse plug operation
                                                   in planning, and the 1958 Water                      [FR Doc. 2018–08292 Filed 4–19–18; 8:45 am]           almost doubles Center Hill’s total
                                                   Supply Act.                                          BILLING CODE 3720–58–P                                spillway capacity to keep the main dam
                                                   Feasibility study proposals submitted                                                                      from overtopping during an extreme
                                                by non-Federal interests are for the                                                                          flood event. A Dam Safety Modification
                                                study only. If Congressional                            DEPARTMENT OF THE DEFENSE                             Study to reduce the risk of a foundation
                                                authorization of a feasibility study                                                                          seepage dam failure was approved in
                                                results from inclusion in the Annual                    Department of the Army, Corps of                      late 2006 and consisted of three major
                                                Report, it is anticipated that such                     Engineers                                             construction contracts beginning in
                                                authorization would be for the study,                                                                         2008. The first contract injected
                                                not for construction. Once a decision                   Intent To Prepare a Draft                             concrete grout into the foundation of the
                                                document is completed in accordance                     Environmental Impact Statement for                    main dam embankment (soil portion of
                                                with Executive Branch policies and                      the Dam Safety Modification Study                     the dam) and was completed in 2010.
                                                procedures, the Secretary will                          Report for Center Hill Dam, DeKalb                    The second contract installed a concrete
                                                determine whether to recommend the                      County, Tennessee                                     barrier wall into the main dam
                                                project for authorization.                              AGENCY:    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,              embankment and was completed in
                                                   All water resources development                      DoD.                                                  2015. This concrete barrier wall is the
                                                projects must meet certain requirements                 ACTION:   Notice of Intent.                           permanent seepage barrier protection for
                                                before proceeding to construction.                                                                            the main dam embankment. The third
                                                These requirements include: (1) That                    SUMMARY:   Pursuant to the National                   major contract for construction of a
                                                the project is authorized for                           Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of                    Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) berm
                                                construction by Congress; (2) that the                  1969, as amended, the U.S. Army Corps                 below the saddle dam began in
                                                Secretary, or other appropriate official,               of Engineers, Nashville District (USACE)              September 2016 and is on-going. The
sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with NOTICES




                                                has approved a current decision                         is preparing a draft Environmental                    purpose of the RCC berm is to reduce
                                                document; and, (3) that the funds for                   Impact Statement (EIS) to support the                 the risk of saddle dam failure caused by
                                                project construction have been                          Dam Safety Modification Study Report                  under-seepage or overtopping during an
                                                appropriated and are available.                         (DSMSR) for Center Hill Dam. The study                extreme flood event. A Post
                                                   Section 902 of WRDA 1986                             would evaluate the main dam spillway                  Implementation Evaluation (PIE) was
                                                establishes a maximum authorized cost                   gate operability, the saddle dam fuse                 completed in 2017 to assess the
                                                for projects (902 limit). A Post                        plug operation, and spillway additions                effectiveness of the above construction


                                           VerDate Sep<11>2014   17:44 Apr 19, 2018   Jkt 244001   PO 00000   Frm 00022   Fmt 4703   Sfmt 4703   E:\FR\FM\20APN1.SGM   20APN1


                                                17542                            Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 77 / Friday, April 20, 2018 / Notices

                                                efforts to reduce the risk of dam failure.                 3. Issues To Be Addressed. USACE is                comments to be addressed in the final
                                                During the PIE, additional risk issues                  evaluating ways of raising, modifying,                EIS.
                                                were noted concerning the 70-year old                   and/or replacing existing spillway gates                Dated: April 13, 2018.
                                                main dam spillway gates. Electrical,                    and operating equipment to address                    Angela E. Dunn,
                                                mechanical and structural operability                   spillway gate reliability for all range of
                                                                                                                                                              Project Planning Branch Chief, U.S. Army
                                                issues affect the reliability of controlled             possible flood events, especially large               Corps of Engineers, Nashville District.
                                                spillway releases. If the spillway gates                and more extreme flood events. The
                                                                                                                                                              [FR Doc. 2018–08291 Filed 4–19–18; 8:45 am]
                                                do not reliably operate during an                       DSMSR and draft EIS would evaluate
                                                                                                                                                              BILLING CODE 3720–58–P
                                                extreme flood event, the reservoir would                the Center Hill Dam Water Control
                                                raise and potentially result in a                       Manual emergency operating
                                                premature fuse plug operation. The fuse                 procedures and potential alternative
                                                plug is designed to discharge                           spillway options to determine if changes              DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
                                                approximately 400,000 cubic feet per                    are warranted to minimize overall dam
                                                                                                                                                              Bonneville Power Administration
                                                second within 30 minutes. The                           safety risk. The draft EIS would include,
                                                consequences of premature discharge of                  but is not limited to identification and              Melvin R. Sampson Hatchery, Yakima
                                                an enormous volume of flood water are                   evaluation of effects to aquatic and                  Basin Coho Project
                                                estimated to be above the Corps of                      terrestrial habitats, cultural resources,
                                                Engineer’s tolerable risk limit. The draft              state and federally listed species,                   AGENCY:  Bonneville Power
                                                EIS would address the findings of the                   socioeconomics, public safety,                        Administration (BPA), Department of
                                                PIE and assess effectiveness of potential               structures, hydrology and hydraulics,                 Energy (DOE).
                                                alternatives to further reduce risk and                 recreation, water supply, water quality,              ACTION: Record of Decision (ROD).
                                                increase dam safety. The dam seepage                    flood storage, hydropower production,
                                                repair construction contracts noted                     land use, visual and aesthetic resources,             SUMMARY:    The Bonneville Power
                                                previously, have increased dam safety                   and dam safety risk reduction at Center               Administration (BPA) has decided to
                                                and were covered under previous NEPA                    Hill Dam as a result of the proposed                  implement the Proposed Action as
                                                documents.                                              alternatives.                                         described in the Melvin R. Sampson
                                                                                                                                                              Hatchery, Yakima Basin Coho Project
                                                   2. Potential Alternatives. The draft                    4. Public Involvement and Scoping.
                                                                                                                                                              Final Environmental Impact Statement
                                                EIS would address an array of                           This NOI serves as the initial step to
                                                                                                                                                              (EIS) (DOE/EIS–0522, November 27,
                                                alternatives that could reduce the risk of              involve Federal and state agencies,
                                                                                                                                                              2017). Under the Proposed Action, BPA
                                                life loss, extensive downstream damage,                 Indian Tribes, local governments, and
                                                                                                                                                              will fund the construction and
                                                functional loss of the project, and the                 the public in an early and transparent
                                                                                                                                                              operation of the Melvin R. Sampson
                                                loss of project benefits. The nature and                process in accordance with NEPA
                                                                                                                                                              Hatchery (MRS Hatchery) in the Yakima
                                                extent of the alternatives would be                     requirements. The draft EIS would
                                                                                                                                                              Basin in central Washington. Operation
                                                determined based on the results of on-                  address impacts to the human
                                                                                                                                                              of the MRS Hatchery will involve
                                                going engineering studies, public and                   environment due to the proposed
                                                                                                                                                              production of up to 700,000 coho
                                                agency input during the scoping period,                 alternatives. Concerns would be
                                                                                                                                                              salmon for release in the Yakima River
                                                and preparation of the draft EIS.                       identified based on public and agency
                                                                                                                                                              and its subbasin, the Naches River. The
                                                Alternatives, either individually or in                 input during the scoping process and
                                                                                                                                                              hatchery will be owned and operated by
                                                combination, that have potential to                     during preparation of the draft EIS. All
                                                                                                                                                              the Confederated Tribes and Bands of
                                                affect structures or operations of the                  interested parties are encouraged to
                                                                                                                                                              the Yakama Nation (Yakama Nation)
                                                dam may include the following:                          submit their name and email address to
                                                                                                                                                              and will be constructed on land owned
                                                   a. Replacement of the current gate                   the address noted above, to be placed on
                                                                                                                                                              by the Yakama Nation northwest of
                                                machinery with hydraulic machinery                      the project mailing list to receive fact
                                                                                                                                                              Ellensburg in Kittitas County,
                                                that can operate under water;                           sheets, newsletters and related public
                                                                                                                                                              Washington.
                                                   b. Addition of equipment to the                      notices. All interested parties are
                                                current spillway gates to keep them                     invited to identify issues that should be             ADDRESSES: This ROD will be available
                                                open if the operating machinery is                      addressed in the draft EIS. A scoping                 to all interested parties and affected
                                                underwater;                                             meeting is scheduled for May 3, 2018                  persons and agencies. It is being sent to
                                                   c. Modification of the spillway gates                from 6:00–8:00 p.m. at The Buffalo                    all stakeholders who requested a copy.
                                                or gate machinery to allow operation                    Valley Community Center, 2717 Buffalo                 Copies of the Melvin R. Sampson
                                                from the top of the dam;                                Valley School Road, Buffalo Valley,                   Hatchery, Yakima Basin Coho Project
                                                   d. Relocation of the gate operating                  Tennessee. The purpose of the public                  Draft and Final EISs and additional
                                                machinery to the road level, which                      scoping meeting is to present                         copies of this ROD are available from
                                                would require raising or relocating                     information to the public regarding                   BPA’s Public Information Center, P.O.
                                                Highway 96 which currently crosses                      potential alternatives that would be                  Box 3621, Portland, Oregon 97208.
                                                over the dam;                                           addressed in the draft EIS, receive                   Copies of these documents may also be
                                                   e. Removal of the existing fuse plug at              public comments, and to solicit input                 obtained by using BPA’s nationwide
                                                the saddle dam and installation of                      regarding dam safety concerns,                        toll-free document request line: 1–800–
                                                spillway additions on top of the newly                  alternatives to consider, and                         622–4520, or by accessing the project
                                                constructed RCC Berm to discharge                       environmental or social issues of                     website at www.bpa.gov/goto/Melvin
                                                flood water down the valley;                            concern to the public.                                SampsonHatchery.
sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with NOTICES




                                                   f. Modification of the emergency                        6. Availability of the Draft EIS.                  FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
                                                operations plan in the water control                    USACE intends to circulate the draft EIS              Dave Goodman, Bonneville Power
                                                manual that determines how to manage                    in the late 2018/early 2019 time frame.               Administration—ECF–4, P.O. Box 3621,
                                                floods at Center Hill Dam; and                          USACE will announce availability of the               Portland, Oregon, 97208–3621; toll-free
                                                   g. Other alternatives as identified by               draft EIS in the Federal Register and                 telephone number 1–800–622–4519; fax
                                                on-going engineering studies, the                       other media, and will provide interested              number 503–230–5699; or email
                                                public, and agencies.                                   parties an opportunity to submit                      jdgoodman@bpa.gov.


                                           VerDate Sep<11>2014   17:44 Apr 19, 2018   Jkt 244001   PO 00000   Frm 00023   Fmt 4703   Sfmt 4703   E:\FR\FM\20APN1.SGM   20APN1



Document Created: 2018-04-20 00:02:46
Document Modified: 2018-04-20 00:02:46
CategoryRegulatory Information
CollectionFederal Register
sudoc ClassAE 2.7:
GS 4.107:
AE 2.106:
PublisherOffice of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration
SectionNotices
ActionNotice of Intent.
DatesComments regarding the NOI must be received by USACE within 30 days of publication of the NOI on or before May 20, 2018.
ContactPlease direct your comments to Joy Broach, Aquatic Biologist, (615) 736-7956; email: [email protected] Written comments can be mailed to the
FR Citation83 FR 17541 

2024 Federal Register | Disclaimer | Privacy Policy
USC | CFR | eCFR