80_FR_37325 80 FR 37200 - Airworthiness Directives; Bombardier, Inc. Airplanes

80 FR 37200 - Airworthiness Directives; Bombardier, Inc. Airplanes

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Federal Aviation Administration

Federal Register Volume 80, Issue 125 (June 30, 2015)

Page Range37200-37203
FR Document2015-15856

We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain Bombardier, Inc. Model CL-600-2C10 (Regional Jet Series 700, 701, & 702) airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by reports of cracked forward door members of the inboard main landing gear (MLG) doors. This proposed AD would require repetitive inspections of the inboard MLG doors, repairs if necessary, and replacement of the inboard MLG doors. This proposed AD also would provide optional terminating action for the door replacement. We are proposing this AD to prevent loss of an MLG door during flight, which could result in damage to the airplane.

Federal Register, Volume 80 Issue 125 (Tuesday, June 30, 2015) 
[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 125 (Tuesday, June 30, 2015)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 37200-37203]
From the Federal Register Online  [www.thefederalregister.org]
[FR Doc No: 2015-15856]


========================================================================
Proposed Rules
                                                Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of 
the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these 
notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in 
the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.

========================================================================


Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 125 / Tuesday, June 30, 2015 / 
Proposed Rules

[[Page 37200]]



DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

14 CFR Part 39

[Docket No. FAA-2015-1987; Directorate Identifier 2014-NM-240-AD]
RIN 2120-AA64


Airworthiness Directives; Bombardier, Inc. Airplanes

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for 
certain Bombardier, Inc. Model CL-600-2C10 (Regional Jet Series 700, 
701, & 702) airplanes. This proposed AD was prompted by reports of 
cracked forward door members of the inboard main landing gear (MLG) 
doors. This proposed AD would require repetitive inspections of the 
inboard MLG doors, repairs if necessary, and replacement of the inboard 
MLG doors. This proposed AD also would provide optional terminating 
action for the door replacement. We are proposing this AD to prevent 
loss of an MLG door during flight, which could result in damage to the 
airplane.

DATES: We must receive comments on this proposed AD by August 14, 2015.

ADDRESSES: You may send comments, using the procedures found in 14 CFR 
11.43 and 11.45, by any of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     Fax: 202-493-2251.
     Mail: U.S. Department of Transportation, Docket 
Operations, M-30, West Building Ground Floor, Room W12-140, 1200 New 
Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590.
     Hand Delivery: U.S. Department of Transportation, Docket 
Operations, M-30, West Building Ground Floor, Room W12-140, 1200 New 
Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC, between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday 
through Friday, except Federal holidays.
    For service information identified in this proposed AD, contact 
Bombardier, Inc., 400 C[ocirc]te-Vertu Road West, Dorval, Qu[eacute]bec 
H4S 1Y9, Canada; telephone 514-855-5000; fax 514-855-7401; email 
thd.crj@aero.bombardier.com; Internet http://www.bombardier.com. You 
may view this referenced service information at the FAA, Transport 
Airplane Directorate, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA. For information 
on the availability of this material at the FAA, call 425-227-1221.

Examining the AD Docket

    You may examine the AD docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA-2015-
1987; or in person at the Docket Management Facility between 9 a.m. and 
5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. The AD docket 
contains this proposed AD, the regulatory evaluation, any comments 
received, and other information. The street address for the Docket 
Operations office (telephone 800-647-5527) is in the ADDRESSES section. 
Comments will be available in the AD docket shortly after receipt.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Aziz Ahmed, Aerospace Engineer, ANE-
171, FAA, New York Aircraft Certification Office, 1600 Stewart Avenue, 
Suite 410, Westbury, NY 11590; phone 516-228-7329; fax 516-794-5531.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Comments Invited

    We invite you to send any written relevant data, views, or 
arguments about this proposed AD. Send your comments to an address 
listed under the ADDRESSES section. Include ``Docket No. FAA-2015-1987; 
Directorate Identifier 2014-NM-240-AD'' at the beginning of your 
comments. We specifically invite comments on the overall regulatory, 
economic, environmental, and energy aspects of this proposed AD. We 
will consider all comments received by the closing date and may amend 
this proposed AD based on those comments.
    We will post all comments we receive, without change, to http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information you provide. We 
will also post a report summarizing each substantive verbal contact we 
receive about this proposed AD.

Discussion

    Transport Canada Civil Aviation (TCCA), which is the aviation 
authority for Canada, has issued Canadian Airworthiness Directive CF-
2014-42, dated December 12, 2014 (referred to after this as the 
Mandatory Continuing Airworthiness Information, or ``the MCAI''), to 
correct an unsafe condition for certain Bombardier, Inc. Model CL-600-
2C10 (Regional Jet Series 700, 701, & 702) airplanes. The MCAI states:

    Cases of inboard MLG doors with cracked door forward members 
were found. A cracked inboard MLG door forward member could result 
in door departure from the aeroplane. Loss of an MLG door during 
flight could result in damage to the aeroplane and injury to persons 
on the ground.
    This [Canadian] AD mandates the repetitive inspection [and 
corrective actions if necessary] and replacement of the inboard MLG 
doors.

    The repetitive inspection is a detailed inspection for damage 
(including deformation, pulled or missing fasteners on the inner and 
outer skin, cracks, and deformation) on the forward member of the 
inboard MLG door inner skins, outer skin, and the forward member.
    Corrective actions include repairing, removing, or replacing the 
inboard MLG door. You may examine the MCAI in the AD docket on the 
Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating 
Docket No. FAA-2015-1987.

Related Service Information Under 1 CFR Part 51

    Bombardier has issued the following service information.
     Bombardier Modification Summary Package IS670528200033, 
Revision A-2, dated October 11, 2005. This service information 
describes procedures for enlarging the forward and aft hinge cutouts of 
the MLG inboard and outboard doors.
     Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-040, Revision D, 
dated July 2, 2014, including Appendix A, Revision A, dated July 2, 
2014, and Appendix B, Revision B, dated July 2, 2014. This service 
information describes procedures for increasing the clearances between 
the MLG fairing and the MLG doors.
     Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-040, Revision E, 
dated

[[Page 37201]]

November 13, 2014, including Appendix A, Revision A, dated July 2, 
2014, and Appendix B, Revision B, dated July 2, 2014. This service 
information describes procedures for increasing the clearances between 
the MLG fairing and the MLG doors, and for enlarging the forward and 
aft hinge cutouts of the MLG inboard and outboard doors.
     Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-042, Revision A, 
dated July 2, 2014, including Appendices A and B, both dated November 
5, 2013. This service information describes procedures for inspecting 
and repairing the inboard MLG door inner skins, outer skin, and the 
forward member.
     Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-043, Revision A, 
dated November 13, 2014. This service information describes procedures 
for replacing the inboard MLG doors.
     Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-043, dated July 2, 
2014. This service information describes procedures for replacing the 
inboard MLG doors.
    This service information is reasonably available because the 
interested parties have access to it through their normal course of 
business or by the means identified in the ADDRESSES section of this 
NPRM.

FAA's Determination and Requirements of This Proposed AD

    This product has been approved by the aviation authority of another 
country, and is approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant 
to our bilateral agreement with the State of Design Authority, we have 
been notified of the unsafe condition described in the MCAI and service 
information referenced above. We are proposing this AD because we 
evaluated all pertinent information and determined an unsafe condition 
exists and is likely to exist or develop on other products of these 
same type designs.

Related Rulemaking

    AD 2010-23-19, Amendment 39-16508 (75 FR 68695, November 9, 2010), 
requires repetitive inspections for damage of the MLG inboard doors and 
fairing, and corrective actions if necessary. AD 2010-23-19 applies to 
Model CL-600-2C10 (Regional Jet Series 700, 701, & 702) airplanes 
having serial numbers (S/Ns) 10003 and subsequent; and Model CL-600-
2D15 (Regional Jet Series 705) and CL-600-2D24 (Regional Jet Series 
900) airplanes having S/Ns 15001 and subsequent.

Costs of Compliance

    We estimate that this proposed AD affects 269 airplanes of U.S. 
registry.
    We estimate that it would take about 16 work-hours per product to 
comply with the basic requirements of this proposed AD. The average 
labor rate is $85 per work hour. Required parts would cost about 
$31,000 per product. Based on these figures, we estimate the cost of 
this proposed AD on U.S. operators to be $8,704,840, or $32,360 per 
product.
    In addition, we estimate that any necessary follow-on actions would 
take up to 44 work-hours and require parts costing up to $31,000, for a 
cost of up to $34,740 per product. We have no way of determining the 
number of aircraft that might need these actions.

Authority for This Rulemaking

    Title 49 of the United States Code specifies the FAA's authority to 
issue rules on aviation safety. Subtitle I, section 106, describes the 
authority of the FAA Administrator. ``Subtitle VII: Aviation 
Programs,'' describes in more detail the scope of the Agency's 
authority.
    We are issuing this rulemaking under the authority described in 
``Subtitle VII, Part A, Subpart III, Section 44701: General 
requirements.'' Under that section, Congress charges the FAA with 
promoting safe flight of civil aircraft in air commerce by prescribing 
regulations for practices, methods, and procedures the Administrator 
finds necessary for safety in air commerce. This regulation is within 
the scope of that authority because it addresses an unsafe condition 
that is likely to exist or develop on products identified in this 
rulemaking action.

Regulatory Findings

    We determined that this proposed AD would not have federalism 
implications under Executive Order 13132. This proposed AD would not 
have a substantial direct effect on the States, on the relationship 
between the national Government and the States, or on the distribution 
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.
    For the reasons discussed above, I certify this proposed 
regulation:
    1. Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under Executive Order 
12866;
    2. Is not a ``significant rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies 
and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979);
    3. Will not affect intrastate aviation in Alaska; and
    4. Will not have a significant economic impact, positive or 
negative, on a substantial number of small entities under the criteria 
of the Regulatory Flexibility Act.

List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 39

    Air transportation, Aircraft, Aviation safety, Incorporation by 
reference, Safety.

The Proposed Amendment

    Accordingly, under the authority delegated to me by the 
Administrator, the FAA proposes to amend 14 CFR part 39 as follows:

PART 39--AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES

0
1. The authority citation for part 39 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701.


Sec.  39.13  [Amended]

0
2. The FAA amends Sec.  39.13 by adding the following new airworthiness 
directive (AD):

Bombardier, Inc.: Docket No. FAA-2015-1987; Directorate Identifier 
2014-NM-240-AD.

(a) Comments Due Date

    We must receive comments by August 14, 2015.

(b) Affected ADs

    None.

(c) Applicability

    This AD applies to Bombardier, Inc. Model CL-600-2C10 (Regional 
Jet Series 700, 701, & 702) airplanes, certificated in any category, 
serial numbers 10002 and subsequent, as identified in Bombardier 
Service Bulletin 670BA-32-042, Revision A, dated July 2, 2014.

(d) Subject

    Air Transport Association (ATA) of America Code 32, Landing 
gear.

(e) Reason

    This AD was prompted by reports of cracked forward door members 
of the inboard main landing gear (MLG) doors. We are issuing this AD 
to prevent loss of an MLG door during flight, which could result in 
damage to the airplane.

(f) Compliance

    Comply with this AD within the compliance times specified, 
unless already done.

(g) Repetitive Inspections

    Within 660 flight hours or 12 months after the effective date of 
this AD, whichever occurs first: Do a detailed inspection for damage 
(including deformation, pulled or missing fasteners on the inner and 
outer skin, cracks, and deformation) on the outer skin, and the 
forward member, in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions 
of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-042, Revision A, dated July 
2, 2014, including

[[Page 37202]]

Appendices A and B, both dated November 5, 2013. Repeat the 
inspection thereafter at intervals not to exceed 660 flight hours or 
12 months, whichever occurs first.

(h) Detailed Inspection Definition

    For the purposes of this AD, a detailed inspection is an 
intensive examination of a specific item, installation, or assembly 
to detect damage, failure, or irregularity. Available lighting is 
normally supplemented with a direct source of good lighting at an 
intensity deemed appropriate. Inspection aids such as mirror, 
magnifying lenses, etc., may be necessary. Surface cleaning and 
elaborate procedures may be required.

(i) Corrective Actions

    (1) If any damage is found on the inner or outer skin of the 
inboard MLG door during any inspection required by paragraph (g) of 
this AD: Before further flight, do the actions specified in 
paragraph (i)(1)(i), (i)(1)(ii), or (i)(1)(iii) of this AD.
    (i) Remove the damaged inboard MLG door, in accordance with the 
Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-
042, Revision A, dated July 2, 2014, including Appendices A and B, 
both dated November 5, 2013.
    (ii) Repair the door as specified in paragraph (i)(1)(i)(A) or 
(i)(1)(i)(B) of this AD, as applicable.
    (A) If repair of the inboard MLG door is possible: Repair and 
reinstall the door, in accordance with the Accomplishment 
Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-042, Revision 
A, dated July 2, 2014, including Appendices A and B, both dated 
November 5, 2013.
    (B) If it is not possible to repair the inboard MLG door in 
accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier 
Service Bulletin 670BA-32-042, Revision A, dated July 2, 2014, 
including Appendices A and B, both dated November 5, 2013: Repair 
using a method approved by the Manager, New York Aircraft 
Certification Office (ACO), ANE-170, FAA; or Transport Canada Civil 
Aviation (TCCA); or Bombardier, Inc.'s TCCA Design Approval 
Organization (DAO).
    (iii) Replace the inboard MLG door, in accordance with the 
Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-
043, Revision A, dated November 13, 2014.
    (2) If any damage is found on the forward member of the inboard 
MLG door during any inspection required by paragraph (g) of this AD: 
Before further flight, replace the inboard MLG door, in accordance 
with the Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin 
670BA-32-043, Revision A, dated November 13, 2014.

(j) Terminating Action

    Within 6,600 flight hours or 36 months after the effective date 
of this AD, whichever occurs first, except as provided by paragraph 
(l) of this AD: Replace the inboard MLG door, in accordance with the 
Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-
043, Revision A, dated November 13, 2014; except, where Bombardier 
Service Bulletin 670BA-32-043, Revision A, dated November 13, 2014, 
specifies to contact the manufacturer for certain instructions, this 
AD requires accomplishing those actions using a method approved by 
the Manager, New York ACO, ANE-170, FAA; or TCCA; or Bombardier, 
Inc.'s TCCA DAO.
    (1) Doing the MLG door replacement required by paragraph (j) of 
this AD terminates the inspections required by paragraph (g) of this 
AD for that MLG door. (2) Doing the actions required by this 
paragraph does not terminate the actions required by AD 2010-23-19, 
Amendment 39-16508 (75 FR 68695, November 9, 2010).

(k) Optional Actions for Compliance with Paragraph (j) of this AD

    Doing any of the actions specified in paragraph (k)(1), (k)(2), 
(k)(3), or (k)(4) of this AD is acceptable for compliance with the 
requirements of paragraph (j) of this AD.
    (1) Replacement of the inboard MLG door, in accordance with the 
Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-
043, Revision A, dated November 13, 2014; and enlargement of the 
forward and aft hinge cutouts, in accordance with the procedures 
specified in Bombardier Modification Summary Package (MoDSum) 
IS670528200033, Revision A-2, dated October 11, 2005.
    (2) Installation of an inboard MLG door assembly with a part 
number listed in the ``Post SB Part Number'' column of Section M, 
Relationship Chart, of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-043, 
dated July 2, 2014, in accordance with the Accomplishment 
instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-043, dated July 
2, 2014; or Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-043, Revision A 
dated November 13, 2014; or using a method approved by the Manager, 
New York ACO, ANE-170, FAA; or TCCA; or Bombardier, Inc.'s TCCA DAO.
    (3) Doing the actions specified in ``PART C--Installation of the 
Inboard MLG Door Part Number CC670-10520-15 and Increase of the 
Clearance Between the Left MLG Inboard-Door and the MLG Fairing'' 
and ``PART D--Installation of the Inboard MLG Door Part Number 
CC670-10520-16 and Increase of the Clearance Between the Right MLG 
Inboard-Door and the MLG Fairing'' of the Accomplishment 
Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-040, Revision 
E, dated November 13, 2014, including Appendix A, Revision A, dated 
July 2, 2014, and Appendix B, Revision B, dated July 2, 2014.
    (4) Doing the actions specified in paragraphs (k)(4)(i) and 
(k)(4)(ii) of this AD.
    (i) Doing the actions specified in ``PART C--Installation of the 
Inboard MLG Door Part Number CC670-10520-15 and Increase of the 
Clearance Between the Left MLG Inboard-Door and the MLG Fairing'' 
and ``PART D--Installation of the Inboard MLG Door Part Number 
CC670-10520-16 and Increase of the Clearance Between the Right MLG 
Inboard-Door and the MLG Fairing'' of the Accomplishment 
Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-040, Revision 
D, dated July 2, 2014, including Appendix A, Revision A, dated July 
2, 2014, and Appendix B, Revision B, dated July 2, 2014.
    (ii) Enlargement of the forward and aft hinge cutouts specified 
in Bombardier Modsum IS670528200033, Revision A-2, dated October 11, 
2005.

(l) Optional Delay of MLG Door Replacement

    If an MLG door is removed, the replacement required by paragraph 
(j) of this AD can be delayed until the MLG door is reinstalled. 
When the removed MLG door is replaced, the actions required by 
paragraph (j) of this AD must be done at the time specified in 
paragraph (j) of this AD.

(m) Parts Installation Prohibition

    Upon completion of the actions specified in paragraph (j) or (k) 
of this AD, no person may install an inboard MLG door assembly with 
a part number listed in the ``Pre SB Part Number'' column of Section 
M, Relationship Chart, of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA-32-043, 
dated July 2, 2014, on any airplane.

(n) Other FAA AD Provisions

    The following provisions also apply to this AD:
    (1) Alternative Methods of Compliance (AMOCs): The Manager, New 
York ACO, ANE-170, FAA, has the authority to approve AMOCs for this 
AD, if requested using the procedures found in 14 CFR 39.19. In 
accordance with 14 CFR 39.19, send your request to your principal 
inspector or local Flight Standards District Office, as appropriate. 
If sending information directly to the ACO, send it to ATTN: Program 
Manager, Continuing Operational Safety, FAA, New York ACO, 1600 
Stewart Avenue, Suite 410, Westbury, NY 11590; telephone 516-228-
7300; fax 516 794 5531. Before using any approved AMOC, notify your 
appropriate principal inspector, or lacking a principal inspector, 
the manager of the local flight standards district office/
certificate holding district office. The AMOC approval letter must 
specifically reference this AD.
    (2) Contacting the Manufacturer: For any requirement in this AD 
to obtain corrective actions from a manufacturer, the action must be 
accomplished using a method approved by the Manager, New York ACO, 
ANE-170, FAA; or TCCA; or Bombardier, Inc.'s TCCA DAO. If approved 
by the DAO, the approval must include the DAO authorized signature.

(o) Special Flight Permits

    Special flight permits, as described in Section 21.197 and 
Section 21.199 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR 21.197 
and 21.199), are not allowed.

(p) Related Information

    (1) Refer to Mandatory Continuing Airworthiness Information 
(MCAI) Canadian Airworthiness Directive CF-2014-42, dated December 
12, 2014, for related information. This MCAI may be found in the AD 
docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching 
for and locating Docket No. FAA-2015-1987.
    (2) For service information identified in this AD, contact 
Bombardier, Inc., 400 C[ocirc]te Vertu Road West, Dorval, 
Qu[eacute]bec H4S 1Y9, Canada; telephone 514-855-5000; fax 514 855-
7401; email thd.crj@aero.bombardier.com; Internet http://www.bombardier.com. You may view this service information at the 
FAA, Transport Airplane Directorate, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, 
WA. For information on the

[[Page 37203]]

availability of this material at the FAA, call 425 227-1221.

    Issued in Renton, Washington, on June 19, 2015.
Michael Kaszycki,
Acting Manager, Transport Airplane Directorate, Aircraft Certification 
Service.
[FR Doc. 2015-15856 Filed 6-29-15; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-13-P

37200 Proposed Rules Federal Register Vol. 80, No. 125 Tuesday, June 30, 2015 This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER Avenue SE., Washington, DC, between 9 substantive verbal contact we receive contains notices to the public of the proposed a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through about this proposed AD. issuance of rules and regulations. The Friday, except Federal holidays. purpose of these notices is to give interested Discussion For service information identified in persons an opportunity to participate in the this proposed AD, contact Bombardier, Transport Canada Civil Aviation rule making prior to the adoption of the final (TCCA), which is the aviation authority rules. Inc., 400 Côte-Vertu Road West, Dorval, Québec H4S 1Y9, Canada; telephone for Canada, has issued Canadian 514–855–5000; fax 514–855–7401; email Airworthiness Directive CF–2014–42, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION thd.crj@aero.bombardier.com; Internet dated December 12, 2014 (referred to http://www.bombardier.com. You may after this as the Mandatory Continuing Federal Aviation Administration view this referenced service information Airworthiness Information, or ‘‘the at the FAA, Transport Airplane MCAI’’), to correct an unsafe condition 14 CFR Part 39 Directorate, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., for certain Bombardier, Inc. Model CL– Renton, WA. For information on the 600–2C10 (Regional Jet Series 700, 701, [Docket No. FAA–2015–1987; Directorate & 702) airplanes. The MCAI states: Identifier 2014–NM–240–AD] availability of this material at the FAA, call 425–227–1221. Cases of inboard MLG doors with cracked RIN 2120–AA64 door forward members were found. A Examining the AD Docket cracked inboard MLG door forward member Airworthiness Directives; Bombardier, You may examine the AD docket on could result in door departure from the Inc. Airplanes the Internet at http:// aeroplane. Loss of an MLG door during flight www.regulations.gov by searching for could result in damage to the aeroplane and AGENCY: Federal Aviation injury to persons on the ground. Administration (FAA), DOT. and locating Docket No. FAA–2015– 1987; or in person at the Docket This [Canadian] AD mandates the ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking repetitive inspection [and corrective actions (NPRM). Management Facility between 9 a.m. if necessary] and replacement of the inboard and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, MLG doors. SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new except Federal holidays. The AD docket contains this proposed AD, the The repetitive inspection is a detailed airworthiness directive (AD) for certain regulatory evaluation, any comments inspection for damage (including Bombardier, Inc. Model CL–600–2C10 received, and other information. The deformation, pulled or missing fasteners (Regional Jet Series 700, 701, & 702) street address for the Docket Operations on the inner and outer skin, cracks, and airplanes. This proposed AD was office (telephone 800–647–5527) is in deformation) on the forward member of prompted by reports of cracked forward the ADDRESSES section. Comments will the inboard MLG door inner skins, outer door members of the inboard main be available in the AD docket shortly skin, and the forward member. landing gear (MLG) doors. This Corrective actions include repairing, proposed AD would require repetitive after receipt. removing, or replacing the inboard MLG inspections of the inboard MLG doors, FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Aziz door. You may examine the MCAI in the repairs if necessary, and replacement of Ahmed, Aerospace Engineer, ANE–171, AD docket on the Internet at http:// the inboard MLG doors. This proposed FAA, New York Aircraft Certification www.regulations.gov by searching for AD also would provide optional Office, 1600 Stewart Avenue, Suite 410, and locating Docket No. FAA–2015– terminating action for the door Westbury, NY 11590; phone 516–228– 1987. replacement. We are proposing this AD 7329; fax 516–794–5531. to prevent loss of an MLG door during SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Related Service Information Under 1 flight, which could result in damage to CFR Part 51 the airplane. Comments Invited Bombardier has issued the following DATES: We must receive comments on We invite you to send any written service information. this proposed AD by August 14, 2015. relevant data, views, or arguments about • Bombardier Modification Summary ADDRESSES: You may send comments, this proposed AD. Send your comments Package IS670528200033, Revision A–2, using the procedures found in 14 CFR to an address listed under the dated October 11, 2005. This service 11.43 and 11.45, by any of the following ADDRESSES section. Include ‘‘Docket No. information describes procedures for methods: FAA–2015–1987; Directorate Identifier enlarging the forward and aft hinge • Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to 2014–NM–240–AD’’ at the beginning of cutouts of the MLG inboard and http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the your comments. We specifically invite outboard doors. instructions for submitting comments. comments on the overall regulatory, • Bombardier Service Bulletin • Fax: 202–493–2251. economic, environmental, and energy 670BA–32–040, Revision D, dated July asabaliauskas on DSK5VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS • Mail: U.S. Department of aspects of this proposed AD. We will 2, 2014, including Appendix A, Transportation, Docket Operations, consider all comments received by the Revision A, dated July 2, 2014, and M–30, West Building Ground Floor, closing date and may amend this Appendix B, Revision B, dated July 2, Room W12–140, 1200 New Jersey proposed AD based on those comments. 2014. This service information describes Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590. We will post all comments we procedures for increasing the clearances • Hand Delivery: U.S. Department of receive, without change, to http:// between the MLG fairing and the MLG Transportation, Docket Operations, www.regulations.gov, including any doors. M–30, West Building Ground Floor, personal information you provide. We • Bombardier Service Bulletin Room W12–140, 1200 New Jersey will also post a report summarizing each 670BA–32–040, Revision E, dated VerDate Sep<11>2014 23:16 Jun 29, 2015 Jkt 235001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\30JNP1.SGM 30JNP1

Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 125 / Tuesday, June 30, 2015 / Proposed Rules 37201 November 13, 2014, including Costs of Compliance on a substantial number of small entities Appendix A, Revision A, dated July 2, We estimate that this proposed AD under the criteria of the Regulatory 2014, and Appendix B, Revision B, affects 269 airplanes of U.S. registry. Flexibility Act. dated July 2, 2014. This service We estimate that it would take about List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 39 information describes procedures for 16 work-hours per product to comply increasing the clearances between the Air transportation, Aircraft, Aviation with the basic requirements of this safety, Incorporation by reference, MLG fairing and the MLG doors, and for proposed AD. The average labor rate is enlarging the forward and aft hinge Safety. $85 per work hour. Required parts cutouts of the MLG inboard and would cost about $31,000 per product. The Proposed Amendment outboard doors. Based on these figures, we estimate the Accordingly, under the authority • Bombardier Service Bulletin cost of this proposed AD on U.S. delegated to me by the Administrator, 670BA–32–042, Revision A, dated July operators to be $8,704,840, or $32,360 the FAA proposes to amend 14 CFR part 2, 2014, including Appendices A and B, per product. 39 as follows: both dated November 5, 2013. This In addition, we estimate that any service information describes necessary follow-on actions would take PART 39—AIRWORTHINESS procedures for inspecting and repairing up to 44 work-hours and require parts DIRECTIVES the inboard MLG door inner skins, outer costing up to $31,000, for a cost of up skin, and the forward member. to $34,740 per product. We have no way ■ 1. The authority citation for part 39 of determining the number of aircraft continues to read as follows: • Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA–32–043, Revision A, dated that might need these actions. Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701. November 13, 2014. This service Authority for This Rulemaking § 39.13 [Amended] information describes procedures for Title 49 of the United States Code ■ 2. The FAA amends § 39.13 by adding replacing the inboard MLG doors. specifies the FAA’s authority to issue the following new airworthiness • Bombardier Service Bulletin rules on aviation safety. Subtitle I, directive (AD): 670BA–32–043, dated July 2, 2014. This section 106, describes the authority of Bombardier, Inc.: Docket No. FAA–2015– service information describes the FAA Administrator. ‘‘Subtitle VII: 1987; Directorate Identifier 2014–NM– procedures for replacing the inboard Aviation Programs,’’ describes in more 240–AD. MLG doors. detail the scope of the Agency’s (a) Comments Due Date This service information is reasonably authority. We are issuing this rulemaking under We must receive comments by August 14, available because the interested parties 2015. have access to it through their normal the authority described in ‘‘Subtitle VII, course of business or by the means Part A, Subpart III, Section 44701: (b) Affected ADs identified in the ADDRESSES section of General requirements.’’ Under that None. this NPRM. section, Congress charges the FAA with promoting safe flight of civil aircraft in (c) Applicability FAA’s Determination and Requirements air commerce by prescribing regulations This AD applies to Bombardier, Inc. Model of This Proposed AD for practices, methods, and procedures CL–600–2C10 (Regional Jet Series 700, 701, the Administrator finds necessary for & 702) airplanes, certificated in any category, This product has been approved by serial numbers 10002 and subsequent, as safety in air commerce. This regulation identified in Bombardier Service Bulletin the aviation authority of another is within the scope of that authority country, and is approved for operation 670BA–32–042, Revision A, dated July 2, because it addresses an unsafe condition 2014. in the United States. Pursuant to our that is likely to exist or develop on bilateral agreement with the State of products identified in this rulemaking (d) Subject Design Authority, we have been notified action. Air Transport Association (ATA) of of the unsafe condition described in the America Code 32, Landing gear. MCAI and service information Regulatory Findings (e) Reason referenced above. We are proposing this We determined that this proposed AD AD because we evaluated all pertinent This AD was prompted by reports of would not have federalism implications cracked forward door members of the inboard information and determined an unsafe under Executive Order 13132. This main landing gear (MLG) doors. We are condition exists and is likely to exist or proposed AD would not have a issuing this AD to prevent loss of an MLG develop on other products of these same substantial direct effect on the States, on door during flight, which could result in type designs. the relationship between the national damage to the airplane. Related Rulemaking Government and the States, or on the (f) Compliance distribution of power and Comply with this AD within the AD 2010–23–19, Amendment 39– responsibilities among the various compliance times specified, unless already 16508 (75 FR 68695, November 9, 2010), levels of government. done. requires repetitive inspections for For the reasons discussed above, I damage of the MLG inboard doors and certify this proposed regulation: (g) Repetitive Inspections asabaliauskas on DSK5VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS fairing, and corrective actions if 1. Is not a ‘‘significant regulatory Within 660 flight hours or 12 months after necessary. AD 2010–23–19 applies to action’’ under Executive Order 12866; the effective date of this AD, whichever Model CL–600–2C10 (Regional Jet 2. Is not a ‘‘significant rule’’ under the occurs first: Do a detailed inspection for Series 700, 701, & 702) airplanes having DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures damage (including deformation, pulled or missing fasteners on the inner and outer skin, serial numbers (S/Ns) 10003 and (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); cracks, and deformation) on the outer skin, subsequent; and Model CL–600–2D15 3. Will not affect intrastate aviation in and the forward member, in accordance with (Regional Jet Series 705) and CL–600– Alaska; and the Accomplishment Instructions of 2D24 (Regional Jet Series 900) airplanes 4. Will not have a significant Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA–32–042, having S/Ns 15001 and subsequent. economic impact, positive or negative, Revision A, dated July 2, 2014, including VerDate Sep<11>2014 23:16 Jun 29, 2015 Jkt 235001 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\30JNP1.SGM 30JNP1

37202 Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 125 / Tuesday, June 30, 2015 / Proposed Rules Appendices A and B, both dated November requires accomplishing those actions using a (l) Optional Delay of MLG Door Replacement 5, 2013. Repeat the inspection thereafter at method approved by the Manager, New York If an MLG door is removed, the intervals not to exceed 660 flight hours or 12 ACO, ANE–170, FAA; or TCCA; or replacement required by paragraph (j) of this months, whichever occurs first. Bombardier, Inc.’s TCCA DAO. AD can be delayed until the MLG door is (1) Doing the MLG door replacement reinstalled. When the removed MLG door is (h) Detailed Inspection Definition required by paragraph (j) of this AD replaced, the actions required by paragraph For the purposes of this AD, a detailed terminates the inspections required by (j) of this AD must be done at the time inspection is an intensive examination of a paragraph (g) of this AD for that MLG door. specified in paragraph (j) of this AD. specific item, installation, or assembly to (2) Doing the actions required by this detect damage, failure, or irregularity. paragraph does not terminate the actions (m) Parts Installation Prohibition Available lighting is normally supplemented required by AD 2010–23–19, Amendment Upon completion of the actions specified with a direct source of good lighting at an 39–16508 (75 FR 68695, November 9, 2010). in paragraph (j) or (k) of this AD, no person intensity deemed appropriate. Inspection may install an inboard MLG door assembly aids such as mirror, magnifying lenses, etc., (k) Optional Actions for Compliance with Paragraph (j) of this AD with a part number listed in the ‘‘Pre SB Part may be necessary. Surface cleaning and Number’’ column of Section M, Relationship elaborate procedures may be required. Doing any of the actions specified in Chart, of Bombardier Service Bulletin paragraph (k)(1), (k)(2), (k)(3), or (k)(4) of this (i) Corrective Actions 670BA–32–043, dated July 2, 2014, on any AD is acceptable for compliance with the airplane. (1) If any damage is found on the inner or requirements of paragraph (j) of this AD. outer skin of the inboard MLG door during (1) Replacement of the inboard MLG door, (n) Other FAA AD Provisions any inspection required by paragraph (g) of in accordance with the Accomplishment The following provisions also apply to this this AD: Before further flight, do the actions Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin AD: specified in paragraph (i)(1)(i), (i)(1)(ii), or 670BA–32–043, Revision A, dated November (1) Alternative Methods of Compliance (i)(1)(iii) of this AD. 13, 2014; and enlargement of the forward and aft hinge cutouts, in accordance with the (AMOCs): The Manager, New York ACO, (i) Remove the damaged inboard MLG procedures specified in Bombardier ANE–170, FAA, has the authority to approve door, in accordance with the Modification Summary Package (MoDSum) AMOCs for this AD, if requested using the Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier IS670528200033, Revision A–2, dated procedures found in 14 CFR 39.19. In Service Bulletin 670BA–32–042, Revision A, October 11, 2005. accordance with 14 CFR 39.19, send your dated July 2, 2014, including Appendices A (2) Installation of an inboard MLG door request to your principal inspector or local and B, both dated November 5, 2013. (ii) Repair the door as specified in assembly with a part number listed in the Flight Standards District Office, as paragraph (i)(1)(i)(A) or (i)(1)(i)(B) of this AD, ‘‘Post SB Part Number’’ column of Section M, appropriate. If sending information directly as applicable. Relationship Chart, of Bombardier Service to the ACO, send it to ATTN: Program (A) If repair of the inboard MLG door is Bulletin 670BA–32–043, dated July 2, 2014, Manager, Continuing Operational Safety, possible: Repair and reinstall the door, in in accordance with the Accomplishment FAA, New York ACO, 1600 Stewart Avenue, accordance with the Accomplishment instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin Suite 410, Westbury, NY 11590; telephone Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA–32–043, dated July 2, 2014; or 516–228–7300; fax 516 794 5531. Before 670BA–32–042, Revision A, dated July 2, Bombardier Service Bulletin 670BA–32–043, using any approved AMOC, notify your 2014, including Appendices A and B, both Revision A dated November 13, 2014; or appropriate principal inspector, or lacking a dated November 5, 2013. using a method approved by the Manager, principal inspector, the manager of the local (B) If it is not possible to repair the inboard New York ACO, ANE–170, FAA; or TCCA; or flight standards district office/certificate MLG door in accordance with the Bombardier, Inc.’s TCCA DAO. holding district office. The AMOC approval Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier (3) Doing the actions specified in ‘‘PART letter must specifically reference this AD. Service Bulletin 670BA–32–042, Revision A, C—Installation of the Inboard MLG Door Part (2) Contacting the Manufacturer: For any dated July 2, 2014, including Appendices A Number CC670–10520–15 and Increase of the requirement in this AD to obtain corrective and B, both dated November 5, 2013: Repair Clearance Between the Left MLG Inboard- actions from a manufacturer, the action must using a method approved by the Manager, Door and the MLG Fairing’’ and ‘‘PART D— be accomplished using a method approved New York Aircraft Certification Office (ACO), Installation of the Inboard MLG Door Part by the Manager, New York ACO, ANE–170, ANE–170, FAA; or Transport Canada Civil Number CC670–10520–16 and Increase of the FAA; or TCCA; or Bombardier, Inc.’s TCCA Aviation (TCCA); or Bombardier, Inc.’s TCCA Clearance Between the Right MLG Inboard- DAO. If approved by the DAO, the approval Design Approval Organization (DAO). Door and the MLG Fairing’’ of the must include the DAO authorized signature. (iii) Replace the inboard MLG door, in Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier (o) Special Flight Permits accordance with the Accomplishment Service Bulletin 670BA–32–040, Revision E, Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin dated November 13, 2014, including Special flight permits, as described in 670BA–32–043, Revision A, dated November Appendix A, Revision A, dated July 2, 2014, Section 21.197 and Section 21.199 of the 13, 2014. and Appendix B, Revision B, dated July 2, Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR 21.197 (2) If any damage is found on the forward 2014. and 21.199), are not allowed. member of the inboard MLG door during any (4) Doing the actions specified in (p) Related Information inspection required by paragraph (g) of this paragraphs (k)(4)(i) and (k)(4)(ii) of this AD. AD: Before further flight, replace the inboard (i) Doing the actions specified in ‘‘PART (1) Refer to Mandatory Continuing MLG door, in accordance with the C—Installation of the Inboard MLG Door Part Airworthiness Information (MCAI) Canadian Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier Number CC670–10520–15 and Increase of the Airworthiness Directive CF–2014–42, dated Service Bulletin 670BA–32–043, Revision A, Clearance Between the Left MLG Inboard- December 12, 2014, for related information. dated November 13, 2014. Door and the MLG Fairing’’ and ‘‘PART D— This MCAI may be found in the AD docket Installation of the Inboard MLG Door Part on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov (j) Terminating Action Number CC670–10520–16 and Increase of the by searching for and locating Docket No. Within 6,600 flight hours or 36 months Clearance Between the Right MLG Inboard- FAA–2015–1987. asabaliauskas on DSK5VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS after the effective date of this AD, whichever Door and the MLG Fairing’’ of the (2) For service information identified in occurs first, except as provided by paragraph Accomplishment Instructions of Bombardier this AD, contact Bombardier, Inc., 400 Côte (l) of this AD: Replace the inboard MLG door, Service Bulletin 670BA–32–040, Revision D, Vertu Road West, Dorval, Québec H4S 1Y9, in accordance with the Accomplishment dated July 2, 2014, including Appendix A, Canada; telephone 514–855–5000; fax 514 Instructions of Bombardier Service Bulletin Revision A, dated July 2, 2014, and 855–7401; email 670BA–32–043, Revision A, dated November Appendix B, Revision B, dated July 2, 2014. thd.crj@aero.bombardier.com; Internet http:// 13, 2014; except, where Bombardier Service (ii) Enlargement of the forward and aft www.bombardier.com. You may view this Bulletin 670BA–32–043, Revision A, dated hinge cutouts specified in Bombardier service information at the FAA, Transport November 13, 2014, specifies to contact the Modsum IS670528200033, Revision A–2, Airplane Directorate, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., manufacturer for certain instructions, this AD dated October 11, 2005. Renton, WA. For information on the VerDate Sep<11>2014 23:16 Jun 29, 2015 Jkt 235001 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\30JNP1.SGM 30JNP1

Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 125 / Tuesday, June 30, 2015 / Proposed Rules 37203 availability of this material at the FAA, call FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: If know that they reached the Facility, 425 227–1221. you have questions on this rule, call or please enclose a stamped, self-addressed Issued in Renton, Washington, on June 19, email MST1 Jennifer Haggins, Marine postcard or envelope. We will consider 2015. Safety Unit Pittsburgh Waterways all comments and material received Michael Kaszycki, Management Division, U.S. Coast during the comment period and may Acting Manager, Transport Airplane Guard; telephone (412)221–0807, email change the rule based on your Directorate, Aircraft Certification Service. Jennifer.L.Haggins@uscg.mil. If you have comments. [FR Doc. 2015–15856 Filed 6–29–15; 8:45 am] questions on viewing or submitting material to the docket, call Cheryl F. 2. Viewing Comments and Documents BILLING CODE 4910–13–P Collins, Program Manager, Docket To view comments, as well as Operations, telephone (202) 366–9826. documents mentioned in this preamble SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: as being available in the docket, go to DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Table of Acronyms http://www.regulations.gov, type the docket number (USCG–2015–0345) in Coast Guard DHS Department of Homeland Security the ‘‘SEARCH’’ box and click FR Federal Register ‘‘SEARCH.’’ Click on Open Docket NPRM Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 33 CFR Part 165 SAR Search and Rescue Folder on the line associated with this rulemaking. You may also visit the [Docket Number USCG–2015–0345] A. Public Participation and Request for Docket Management Facility in Room RIN 1625–AA00 Comments W12–140 on the ground floor of the We encourage you to participate in Department of Transportation West Safety Zone; Ohio River between Mile this rulemaking by submitting Building, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., 25.2 and 25.8; New Brighton, PA comments and related materials. All Washington, DC 20590, between 9 a.m. comments received will be posted and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, AGENCY: Coast Guard, DHS. except Federal holidays. without change to http:// ACTION: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. www.regulations.gov and will include 3. Privacy Act SUMMARY: The Coast Guard is proposing any personal information you have to establish a temporary safety zone on provided. Anyone can search the electronic the Ohio River Mile from mile 25.2 to 1. Submitting Comments form of comments received into any of mile 25.8. The proposed safety zone will our dockets by the name of the be effective from 8:45 p.m. to 11:15 p.m. If you submit a comment, please individual submitting the comment (or on August 22, 2015. This safety zone is include the docket number for this signing the comment, if submitted on needed to protect persons and vessels rulemaking, indicate the specific section behalf of an association, business, labor from the potential safety hazards of this document to which each union, etc.). You may review a Privacy associated with the Beaver County comment applies, and provide a reason Act notice regarding our public dockets Regatta Fireworks. Entry into this zone for each suggestion or recommendation. in the January 17, 2008, issue of the will be prohibited to all vessels, You may submit your comments and Federal Register (73 FR 3316). mariners, and persons unless material online at http:// www.regulations.gov, or by fax, mail, or 4. Public Meeting specifically authorized by the Captain of the Port (COTP), Pittsburgh or a hand delivery, but please use only one We do not now plan to hold a public designated representative. of these means. If you submit a meeting. But you may submit a request comment online, it will be considered DATES: Comments and related material for one using one of the methods received by the Coast Guard when you must be received by the Coast Guard on specified under ADDRESSES. Please successfully transmit the comment. If or before July 15, 2015. explain why you believe a public you fax, hand deliver, or mail your ADDRESSES: You may submit comments meeting would be beneficial. If we comment, it will be considered as identified by docket number using any determine that one would aid this having been received by the Coast one of the following methods: rulemaking, we will hold one at a time Guard when it is received at the Docket (1) Federal eRulemaking Portal: and place announced by a later notice Management Facility. We recommend http://www.regulations.gov. in the Federal Register. that you include your name and a (2) Fax: 202–493–2251. mailing address, an email address, or a B. Regulatory History and Information (3) Mail or Delivery: Docket telephone number in the body of your Management Facility (M–30), U.S. document so that we can contact you if The Coast Guard has a long history Department of Transportation, West we have questions regarding your working with local, state, and federal Building Ground Floor, Room W12–140, submission. agencies in areas to improve emergency 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., To submit your comment online, go to response, to prepare for events that call Washington, DC 20590–0001. Deliveries http://www.regulations.gov, type the for swift action, and to protect our accepted between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., docket number [USCG–2015–0345] in nation. The Coast Guard is proposing to Monday through Friday, except federal the ‘‘SEARCH’’ box and click establish this safety zone on the waters asabaliauskas on DSK5VPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS holidays. The telephone number is 202– ‘‘SEARCH.’’ Click on ‘‘Submit a of the Ohio River for the Beaver County 366–9329. Comment’’ on the line associated with Regatta fireworks. The marine event is See the ‘‘Public Participation and this rulemaking. scheduled to take place from 8:45 p.m. Request for Comments’’ portion of the If you submit your comments by mail to 11:15 p.m. on August 22, 2015. This SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section or hand delivery, submit them in an proposed rule is necessary to protect the below for further instructions on unbound format, no larger than 81⁄2 by safety of the participants, spectators, submitting comments. To avoid 11 inches, suitable for copying and commercial traffic, and the general duplication, please use only one of electronic filing. If you submit public on the navigable waters of the these three methods. comments by mail and would like to United States during the event. VerDate Sep<11>2014 23:16 Jun 29, 2015 Jkt 235001 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 4702 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\30JNP1.SGM 30JNP1


Document Created: 2018-02-22 11:16:47
Document Modified: 2018-02-22 11:16:47
CategoryRegulatory Information
CollectionFederal Register
sudoc ClassAE 2.7:
GS 4.107:
AE 2.106:
PublisherOffice of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration
SectionProposed Rules
ActionNotice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).
DatesWe must receive comments on this proposed AD by August 14, 2015.
ContactAziz Ahmed, Aerospace Engineer, ANE- 171, FAA, New York Aircraft Certification Office, 1600 Stewart Avenue, Suite 410, Westbury, NY 11590; phone 516-228-7329; fax 516-794-5531.
FR Citation80 FR 37200 
RIN Number2120-AA64
CFR AssociatedAir Transportation; Aircraft; Aviation Safety; Incorporation by Reference and Safety
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