81 FR 15124 - United States et al. v. Springleaf Holdings, Inc., et al.; Public Comment and Response on Proposed Final Judgment

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Antitrust Division

Federal Register Volume 81, Issue 54 (March 21, 2016)

Page Range		15124-15128
FR Document		2016-06238
Federal Register, Volume 81 Issue 54 (Monday, March 21, 2016)
[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 54 (Monday, March 21, 2016)]
[Notices]
[Pages 15124-15128]
From the Federal Register Online  [www.thefederalregister.org]
[FR Doc No: 2016-06238]


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DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Antitrust Division


United States et al. v. Springleaf Holdings, Inc., et al.; Public 
Comment and Response on Proposed Final Judgment

    Pursuant to the Antitrust Procedures and Penalties Act, 15 U.S.C. 
16(b)-(h), the United States hereby publishes below the comment 
received on the proposed Final Judgment in United States et. al. v. 
Springleaf Holdings, Inc., et. al., Civil Action No. 15-1992 (RMC), 
together with the Response of the United States to Public Comment.
    Copies of the comment and the United States' Response are available 
for inspection on the Antitrust Division's Web site at http://www.justice.gov/atr, and at the Office of the Clerk of the United 
States District Court for the District of Columbia. Copies of these 
materials may be obtained from the Antitrust Division upon request and 
payment of the copying fee set by Department of Justice regulations.

Patricia A. Brink,
Director of Civil Enforcement.

United States District Court for the District of Columbia

    United States of America, State of Colorado, State of Idaho, 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, State of Texas, Commonwealth of 
Virginia, State of Washington, and State of West Virginia, 
Plaintiffs, v. Springleaf Holdings, Inc., Onemain Financial 
Holdings, LLC, and Citifinancial Credit Company, Defendants.
Case No.: 1:15-cv-01992 (RMC)

Response of Plaintiff United States to Public Comment on the Proposed 
Final Judgment

    Pursuant to the requirements of the Antitrust Procedures and 
Penalties Act, 15 U.S.C. Sec.  16(b)-(h) (``APPA'' or ``Tunney Act''), 
the United States hereby files the single public comment received 
concerning the proposed Final Judgment in this case and the United 
States's response to the comment. After careful consideration of the 
submitted comment, the United States continues to believe that the 
proposed Final Judgment provides an effective and appropriate remedy 
for the antitrust violations alleged in the Complaint. The United 
States will move the Court for entry of the proposed Final Judgment 
after the public comment and this Response have been published in the 
Federal Register pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Sec.  16(d).

I. Procedural History

    On March 2, 2015, Springleaf Holdings, Inc. (``Springleaf'') 
entered into a purchase agreement to acquire OneMain Financial 
Holdings, LLC (``OneMain'') from CitiFinancial Credit Company for $4.25 
billion. On November 13, 2015, the United States and the States of 
Colorado, Idaho, Texas, Washington and West Virginia and the 
Commonwealths of Pennsylvania and Virginia (collectively 
``Plaintiffs'') filed a civil antitrust Complaint seeking to enjoin 
Springleaf from acquiring OneMain. Plaintiffs alleged in the Complaint 
that the proposed acquisition likely would substantially lessen 
competition for personal installment loans to subprime borrowers in 
numerous local areas in violation of Section 7 of the Clayton Act, 15 
U.S.C. Sec.  18.
    Simultaneously with the filing of the Complaint, Plaintiffs filed a 
proposed Final Judgment, an Asset Preservation Stipulation and Order, 
and a Competitive Impact Statement (``CIS''). As required by the Tunney 
Act, the United States published the proposed Final Judgment and CIS in 
the Federal Register on November 24, 2015, see 80 FR 73212, and caused 
to be published summaries of the proposed Final Judgment and CIS, 
together with directions for the submission of written comments 
relating to the proposed Final Judgment, in The Washington Post for 
seven days from November 20 to November 26, 2015. The 60-day period for 
public comments ended on January 25, 2016. The United States received 
one comment, which is described below and attached hereto as Exhibit 1.

II. The Investigation and the Proposed Settlement

    The proposed Final Judgment is the culmination of more than six 
months of investigation by the Antitrust Division of the United States 
Department of Justice (``Department''), along with Offices of the State 
Attorneys General of Colorado, Idaho, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, 
Pennsylvania, and Virginia (collectively ``States''). As part of the 
investigation, the Department issued 21 Civil Investigative Demands for 
documents and information and collected more than 350,000 documents 
from the Defendants and third parties. The Department also conducted 
interviews with competitors, obtained information from state 
regulators, and deposed six Springleaf and OneMain business executives. 
In addition, the Department consulted consumer advocacy groups to 
solicit their views about the proposed acquisition. The Department 
carefully analyzed the information it obtained from these sources and 
thoroughly considered all of the issues presented.
    The Department found that the proposed acquisition likely would 
have eliminated substantial head-to-head competition between Springleaf 
and OneMain in the provision of personal installment loans to subprime 
borrowers in local areas within and around 126 towns and municipalities 
in 11 states. In these areas, Springleaf and OneMain are the largest 
providers of personal installment loans to subprime borrowers, and face 
little, if any, competition from other personal installment lenders. 
Without the benefit of competition between Springleaf and OneMain, the 
Department concluded that prices and other terms for personal 
installment loans to subprime borrowers would become less favorable, 
and access to such loans by subprime borrowers would decrease. For 
these reasons, the Department, joined by the States, filed a civil 
antitrust lawsuit to enjoin the merger and alleged that the proposed 
transaction violated Section 7 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. Sec.  18.
    The proposed Final Judgment eliminates the anticompetitive effects 
identified in the Complaint by requiring Defendants to divest 127 
Springleaf branches to Lendmark Financial Services or to one or more 
alternative acquirers acceptable to the United States. The branches to 
be divested are located in the local areas within and around the 126 
towns and municipalities identified in the Complaint. The divestitures 
will establish Lendmark as a new, independent, and economically viable 
competitor in some states and local areas and allow Lendmark to enhance 
its competitive presence in others.
    Since Plaintiffs submitted the proposed Final Judgment on November 
13, 2015, Lendmark has begun the process of obtaining state licenses 
for the acquisition of the 127 Springleaf branches. In addition, the 
Court appointed Patricia A. Murphy as Monitoring Trustee on January 19, 
2016.

III. Standard of Judicial Review

    The Tunney Act requires that proposed consent judgments in 
antitrust cases brought by the United States be subject to a 60-day 
public comment period, after which the court shall

[[Page 15125]]

determine whether entry of the proposed Final Judgment ``is in the 
public interest.'' 15 U.S.C. Sec.  16(e)(1). In making that 
determination, the court, in accordance with the statute as amended in 
2004, is required to consider:
    (A) the competitive impact of such judgment, including termination 
of alleged violations, provisions for enforcement and modification, 
duration of relief sought, anticipated effects of alternative remedies 
actually considered, whether its terms are ambiguous, and any other 
competitive considerations bearing upon the adequacy of such judgment 
that the court deems necessary to a determination of whether the 
consent judgment is in the public interest; and
    (B) the impact of entry of such judgment upon competition in the 
relevant market or markets, upon the public generally and individuals 
alleging specific injury from the violations set forth in the complaint 
including consideration of the public benefit, if any, to be derived 
from a determination of the issues at trial.
15 U.S.C. Sec.  16(e)(1). In considering these statutory factors, the 
court's inquiry is necessarily a limited one as the government is 
entitled to ``broad discretion to settle with the defendant within the 
reaches of the public interest.'' United States v. Microsoft Corp., 56 
F.3d 1448, 1461 (D.C. Cir. 1995); see also United States v. SBC 
Commc'ns, Inc., 489 F. Supp. 2d 1, 10-11 (D.D.C. 2007) (assessing 
public interest standard under the Tunney Act); United States v. InBev 
N.V./S.A., No. 08-cv-1965 (JR), 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 84787, at *3 
(D.D.C. Aug. 11, 2009) (discussing nature of review of consent judgment 
under the Tunney Act; inquiry is limited to ``whether the government's 
determination that the proposed remedies will cure the antitrust 
violations alleged in the complaint was reasonable, and whether the 
mechanisms to enforce the final judgment are clear and manageable'').
    Under the APPA, a court considers, among other things, the 
relationship between the remedy secured and the specific allegations 
set forth in the Complaint, whether the decree is sufficiently clear, 
whether the enforcement mechanisms are sufficient, and whether the 
decree may positively harm third parties. See Microsoft, 56 F.3d at 
1458-62. With respect to the adequacy of the relief secured by the 
decree, a court may not ``engage in an unrestricted evaluation of what 
relief would best serve the public.'' United States v. BNS, Inc., 858 
F.2d 456, 462 (9th Cir. 1988) (citing United States v. Bechtel Corp., 
648 F.2d 660, 666 (9th Cir. 1981)). Instead, courts have held that:
    [t]he balancing of competing social and political interests 
affected by a proposed antitrust consent decree must be left, in the 
first instance, to the discretion of the Attorney General. The court's 
role in protecting the public interest is one of insuring that the 
government has not breached its duty to the public in consenting to the 
decree. The court is required to determine not whether a particular 
decree is the one that will best serve society, but whether the 
settlement in ``within the reaches of the public interest.'' More 
elaborate requirements might undermine the effectiveness of antitrust 
enforcement by consent decree.
Bechtel, 648 F.2d at 666 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

    In determining whether a proposed settlement is in the public 
interest, ``the court `must accord deference to the government's 
predictions about the efficacy of its remedies.' '' United States v. 
U.S. Airways Grp., Inc., 38 F. Supp. 3d 69, 76 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting 
SBC Commc'ns, 489 F. Supp. at 17). See also Microsoft, 56 F.3d at 1461 
(noting that the government is entitled to deference as to its 
``predictions as to the effect of the proposed remedies''); United 
States v. Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., 272 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 
2003) (noting that the court should grant due respect to the United 
States's ``prediction as to the effect of the proposed remedies, its 
perception of the market structure, and its views of the nature of the 
case''); United States v. Morgan Stanley, 881 F. Supp. 2d 563, 567-68 
(S.D.N.Y. 2012) (explaining that the government is entitled to 
deference in choice of remedies).
    Courts ``may not require that the remedies perfectly match the 
alleged violations.'' SBC Commc'ns, 489 F. Supp. 2d at 17. Rather, the 
ultimate question is whether ``the remedies [obtained in the decree 
are] so inconsonant with the allegations charged as to fall outside of 
the `reaches of the public interest.' '' Microsoft, 56 F.3d at 1461. 
Accordingly, the United States ``need only provide a factual basis for 
concluding that the settlements are reasonably adequate remedies for 
the alleged harms.'' SBC Commc'ns, 489 F. Supp. 2d at 17; see also 
United States v. Apple, Inc. 889 F. Supp. 2d 623, 631 (S.D.N.Y. 2012). 
And, a ``proposed decree must be approved even if it falls short of the 
remedy the court would impose on its own, as long as it falls within 
the range of acceptability or is within the reaches of the public 
interest.'' United States v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 552 F. Supp. 131, 151 
(D.D.C. 1982) (citations and internal quotations omitted); see also 
United States v. Alcan Aluminum Ltd., 605 F. Supp. 619, 622 (W.D. Ky. 
1985) (approving the consent decree even though the court would have 
imposed a greater remedy).
    In its 2004 amendments to the Tunney Act,\1\ Congress made clear 
its intent to preserve the practical benefits of using consent decrees 
in antitrust enforcement, adding the unambiguous instruction that 
``[n]othing in this section shall be construed to require the court to 
conduct an evidentiary hearing or to require the court to permit anyone 
to intervene.'' 15 U.S.C. Sec.  16(e)(2). The procedure for the public 
interest determination is left to the discretion of the court, with the 
recognition that the court's ``scope of review remains sharply 
proscribed by precedent and the nature of the Tunney Act proceedings.'' 
SBC Commc'ns, 489 F. Supp. 2d at 11; see also United States v. Enova 
Corp., 107 F. Supp. 2d 10, 17 (D.D.C. 2000) (``[T]he Tunney Act 
expressly allows the court to make its public interest determination on 
the basis of the competitive impact statement and response to public 
comments alone.''); US Airways, 38 F. Supp. 3d at 76 (same).
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    \1\ The 2004 amendments substituted ``shall'' for ``may'' in 
directing relevant factors for courts to consider and amended the 
list of factors to focus on competitive considerations and to 
address potentially ambiguous judgment terms. Compare 15 U.S.C. 
Sec.  16(e) (2004), with 15 U.S.C. Sec.  16(e)(1) (2006); see also 
SBC Commc'ns, 489 F. Supp. 2d at 11 (concluding that the 2004 
amendments ``effected minimal changes'' to Tunney Act review).
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IV. Summary of Public Comment and the United States's Response

    The United States received one public comment from the Center for 
Responsible Lending (``CRL''), a nonprofit, nonpartisan research and 
policy organization that seeks to eliminate abusive financial 
practices. CRL submitted the comment to provide additional context 
about the personal installment loan industry and highlight what CRL 
believes to be abusive industry practices that the proposed Final 
Judgment does not address. In particular, CRL describes three alleged 
lending practices of particular concern: (1) the high incidence of 
repeat refinancing, which CRL claims is indicative of the industry's 
widespread extension of loans that borrowers do not have the ability to 
repay; (2) the sale of ancillary products such as credit insurance with 
installment loans, which CRL alleges significantly increases borrowing 
costs and lender fees; and (3) the tendency of personal installment

[[Page 15126]]

lenders to charge the maximum interest rate permitted under state law, 
which CRL claims to occur regardless of the borrower's 
creditworthiness. Taken together, CRL suggests that these alleged 
practices demonstrate that personal installment loans offer little 
benefit to consumers and often lead to more financial harm than help.
    The Department appreciates CRL's advocacy efforts on behalf of 
consumers and takes CRL's concerns about possible abusive industry 
practices seriously. However, the Department is tasked with enforcing 
the antitrust laws of the United States and does not have jurisdiction 
to address other issues of consumer protection that fall within the 
purview of agencies such as the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. 
The Department's antitrust investigation was limited to analysis of 
Springleaf's proposed acquisition of OneMain and its likely competitive 
effects. In reaching the proposed settlement, the Department concluded 
that there was direct and meaningful competition between Springleaf and 
OneMain (competition that was not limited to branding and branch 
location, as suggested in CRL's comment); that subprime borrowers 
benefitted from this head-to-head competition; and that the loss of 
this competition would likely result in higher prices and less 
favorable terms for personal installment loans in over 120 local areas 
in 11 states. The divestitures set forth in the proposed Final Judgment 
seek to eliminate these anticompetitive effects in all of the local 
areas of concern.
    CRL's comment suggests that the Department should--as part of its 
review of the proposed merger--investigate and take steps to remedy 
alleged industry practices that are outside of the Department's merger 
review and thus are not (and cannot be) challenged in the Complaint. It 
is well-settled that comments, such as CRL's comment, that are 
unrelated to the concerns identified in the complaint reach beyond the 
scope of this Court's Tunney Act review. See, e.g., SBC Commc'ns, 489 
F. Supp. 2d at 14 (holding that ``a district court is not permitted to 
`reach beyond the complaint to evaluate claims that the government did 
not make and to inquire as to why they were not made' '') (quoting 
Microsoft, 56 F.3d at 1459) (emphasis in original); see also US 
Airways, 38 F. Supp. 3d at 76. Accordingly, CRL's comment does not 
provide a basis for rejecting the proposed Final Judgment.

V. Conclusion

    After reviewing the public comment, the United States continues to 
believe that the proposed Final Judgment, as drafted, provides an 
effective and appropriate remedy for the antitrust violations alleged 
in the Complaint, and is therefore in the public interest. The United 
States will move this Court to enter the proposed Final Judgment after 
the comment and this response are published in the Federal Register.

Dated: March 08, 2016

Respectfully submitted,
____/s/____

Angela Ting (D.C. Bar #449576),
United States Department of Justice, Antitrust Division, Litigation 
II Section, 450 Fifth Street, NW., Suite 8700, Washington, DC 20530, 
Tel.: (202) 616-7721, Email: [email protected].

Comments From the Center for Responsible Lending to the U.S. Department 
of Justice Regarding United States et al. v. Springleaf Holdings, Inc., 
et al.; Proposed Final Judgment and Competitive Impact Statement

January 23, 2016

    The Center for Responsible Lending \1\ submits this comment to 
provide additional context about the consumer installment loan market, 
in particular to highlight issues unaddressed by the proposed 
settlement with One Main and Springleaf. In this letter, the 
undersigned organizations bring to your attention three areas of 
concern that the settlement did not address, but which have a 
significant impact on borrowers:
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    \1\ The Center for Responsible Lending (CRL), a nonprofit, 
nonpartisan research and policy organization dedicated to protecting 
homeownership and family wealth by working to eliminate abusive 
financial practices. CRL is an affiliate of Self-Help, a nonprofit 
community development financial institution. For thirty years, Self-
Help has focused on creating asset-building opportunities for low-
income, rural, women- headed, and minority families, primarily 
through financing safe, affordable home loans and small business 
loans. In total, Self-Help has provided $6 billion in financing to 
70,000 homebuyers, small businesses and nonprofit organizations and 
serves more than 80,000 mostly low-income families through 30 retail 
credit union branches in North Carolina, California, and Chicago.
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     The high incidence of repeat refinancing in the industry;
     The sale of ancillary products such as credit insurance 
that significantly increase the cost of installment loans while 
providing very little benefit to borrowers; and
     The tendency of lenders to charge the maximum interest 
rate permitted under state law regardless of the creditworthiness of 
the borrower.
    We were also particularly concerned about the Department's 
characterization of installment loans as a ``lifeline'' for consumers. 
Loans that are not appropriately underwritten such that a borrower can 
repay them without refinancing are not a lifeline. Neither are loans 
laden with credit insurance products that significantly increase the 
cost of the loan while providing little to no benefit to the borrower a 
lifeline. Rather, installment loans like those that OneMain and 
Springleaf make often sink borrowers into inescapable debt.
    Repeat refinancings provide lenders the opportunity to extend the 
length of the loan and charge new origination or processing fees, but 
often fail to generate benefits for the borrower. Worse, refinancing 
allows the lender to sell new add-on credit insurance products. This 
creates a harmful, symbiotic relationship between refinancing and add-
on products--refinancing is not only a powerful and lucrative incentive 
for installment lenders to extend the loan, but the ability to sell new 
insurance products with each loan that provide substantial compensation 
to the lender results in added cost to the borrowers with little or no 
benefit.

Repeat Refinancing Indicates Unaffordable Loans or Lending Without 
Regard to Ability to Repay

    Regardless of the type of loan product, evidence of significant 
repeat refinancing is a signal of troublesome practices. Typically, the 
original loan was not made on terms affordable to the borrower and/or 
the lender is engaged in loan flipping to increase the costs of the 
credit and extend the indebtedness. In fact, longstanding applications 
of the principle of ``ability to repay'' provide that it means 
determining the borrower can afford to repay a loan without 
refinancing, renewing, or reborrowing.\2\ Installment loans have been 
associated with repeated refinances that account for as much two-thirds 
of loan business. Upon refinancing, the lender assesses new fees and 
add-on products where allowed while extending the term of the loan. 
Consumers are typically not given an adequate rebate of charges prepaid 
on the first loan.
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    \2\ See, e.g., the Federal Reserve Board's 2009 rules under the 
Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act (HOEPA), which note that 
``[l]ending without regard to repayment ability . . . facilitates an 
abusive strategy of `flipping' borrowers in a succession of 
refinancings.'' Federal Reserve System, Truth in Lending, Regulation 
Z; Final Rule, 73 FR 44522, 44542 (July 30, 2008).
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    These loans are often secured by a borrower's personal property, 
car or both. This practice provides the lender extraordinary leverage 
over the borrower as well as the opportunity to require and sell 
expensive property

[[Page 15127]]

insurance. In the case of loans secured by personal property, it is 
extremely unlikely that upon default the lender will repossess used 
personal property of little value, but the threat of repossession is an 
effective collection tactic.\3\ It is for this reason that the FTC 
banned the practice of securing loans with household goods, but the 
decades-old rule has not been updated to include items such as 
computers and smartphones. Even in the case of auto title loans, where 
lenders do repossess the vehicles, the primary purpose of holding the 
title is to coerce repayment of an unaffordable loan.
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    \3\ Indeed, given this extraordinary, coercive leverage, 
repayment of a loan secured by personal property is far from 
indication that a borrower had a genuine ability to afford the loan 
while meeting ongoing expenses; it means only that the lender was 
able to extract payment. (footnoting b/c thinking it seems good to 
include but don't want to interrupt the refinance flow).
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    A front-page New York Times article noted that, although OneMain 
Financial ``offers its borrowers unsecured, installment loans with 
interest rates of up to 36 percent,'' many of its borrowers refinance 
the loan.\4\ (Note: Importantly, this interest rate excludes the 
typically significant cost of ancillary products, discussed further 
below.) According to the New York Times: ``About 60 percent of 
OneMain's loans are so-called renewals'' that may essentially be `` 
`default masking' because borrowers may be able to refinance before 
they run into trouble paying back their current balance.'' \5\
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    \4\ Michael Corkery, ``States Ease Interest Rate Laws That 
Protected Poor Borrowers,'' New York Times, Oct. 21, 2014.
    \5\ Id.
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    In addition, in documents related to the securitization of the 
loans, OneMain notes, ``In certain cases, a Renewal may be offered to 
customers whose personal loans are in the early stages of 
delinquency.'' \6\
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    \6\ OneMain Financial, OMFIT 2015-3 Private Placement 
Memorandum, at 91, http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/AMDA-28PMI5/1321842233x0x867148/8308BAA5-B813-4111-84BC-31DCD0DD0918/OMFIT_2015-3_--_Final_PPM.pdf.
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    Likewise, Springleaf also emphasizes the importance of loan 
renewals to its business plan, expecting ``a substantial portion of the 
Loans will be renewed . . . .'' \7\ It further notes: ``[E]ffecting 
renewals of personal loans for current personal loan borrowers who have 
demonstrated their ability and willingness to repay amounts owed to 
Springleaf into new and larger personal loans is an important part of 
Springleaf's branch lending business.'' \8\
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    \7\ Springleaf Financial Services, 2013-A Private Placement 
Memorandum, http://investor.springleaffinancial.com/asset-backed-securities.cfm.
    \8\ Id.
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    These trends of repeat refinancing extend beyond these individual 
national companies, but rather appear to permeate the consumer 
installment industry as a whole. In North Carolina, for example, where 
the state regulator collects annual data on installment lending, in 
2014, 80 percent of loans made by all consumer finance companies in the 
state were re-financings of outstanding loans or the origination of new 
loans to previous customers.\9\
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    \9\ http://www.nccob.org/Public/docs/Financial%20Institutions/Consumer%20Finance/2014_Annual_Report.pdf
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Ancillary Products Significantly Increase the Cost of Loans Above Their 
Stated Interest Rate, While Providing Notoriously Little Benefit to 
Borrowers

    Add-on products are of particular concern in installment loans, yet 
the settlement is silent as to this additional cost. Installment loans 
frequently include high-cost ancillary products like credit life and 
disability insurance and/or discount clubs or plans that increase the 
cost of credit significantly. Refinancing exacerbates the harms caused 
by add-on products, giving additional opportunities for lenders to pack 
additional fees into each loan.
    As a signal of the harms of these ancillary products, in 2006, when 
Congress enacted the Military Lending Act's cap of a 36% Military APR 
(MAPR) on consumer credit extended to active duty families, it 
specifically included, within the calculation of the cap, charges for 
credit insurance and other ancillary products sold in connection with 
credit transactions. In 2014, the U.S. Department of Defense noted, 
``[O]ther costs to the consumer not included in the APR could make 
loans below 36% above that threshold when considered as part of that 
calculation. These additional costs, along with repeated refinancing 
have come under scrutiny.'' \10\ As a result of these concerns, in 
2015, the U.S. Department of Defense updated its rules implementing the 
MLA not only to extend the 36% MAPR to installment loans but also to 
ensure that the MAPR is always inclusive of credit insurance and other 
ancillary products.\11\
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    \10\ U.S. Department of Defense, ``Report: Enhancement of 
Protections on Consumer Credit for Members of the Armed Forces and 
Their Dependents'' (April 2014).
    \11\ U.S. Department of Defense, ``Limitations on Terms of 
Consumer Credit Extended to Service Members and Dependents,'' Final 
Rule, July 2015, https://www.thefederalregister.org/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-07-22/pdf/2015-17480.pdf.
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    A recent investigative series into the sale of credit insurance 
highlighted both the significant increased cost to borrowers and the 
significant lack of value these products provide.\12\ For example, one 
installment loan described in the investigative series was made to a 
Service member with an APR of 90% but actually had an effective 182% 
MAPR when the ancillary products were included. In another example, ``A 
$2,475 installment loan made [by TMX Finance] to a soldier at Fort 
Stewart near Savannah, Ga., in 2011 . . . carried a 43 percent annual 
rate over 14 months--but that rate effectively soared to 80 percent 
when the insurance products were included. To get the loan, the soldier 
surrendered the title to his car.'' The investigation further describes 
how some employees of lenders deliberately conceal or misrepresent the 
add-on products from the borrower.\13\ This same investigative series 
also showed how installment lenders sell loss of income insurance to 
individuals receiving government benefits, such as social security or 
government pensions.\14\
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    \12\ The ProPublica series on installment lending from May 2013 
is at: http://www.marketplace.org/topics/wealth-poverty/beyond-payday-loans/victory-drive-soldiers-defeated-debt-story-propublica.
    \13\ Id., (``You were supposed to tell the customer you could 
not do the loan without them purchasing all of the insurance 
products, and you never said `purchase,' . . . You said they are 
`included with the loan' and focused on how wonderful they are . . . 
Every new person who came in, we always hit and maximized with the 
insurance . . . That was money that went back to the company.'').
    \14\ Complaint, Illinois v. CMK Investments, Inc.,
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    Borrowers are also likely to have a poor understanding of potential 
exclusions for the insurance purchased or may be misled to believe that 
the insurance policy covers more than it does. For example, one man who 
purchased credit disability insurance lost two fingers in a work-
related accident but was denied coverage because the policy only paid 
if the borrower lost at least four fingers or the whole hand.\15\
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    \15\ Paul Kiel, The 182 Percent Loan: How Installment Lenders 
Put Borrowers in a World of Hurt, ProPublica, May 13, 2013, 
available at http://www.propublica.org/article/installment-loans-world-finance.
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    These add-ons accrue notoriously little benefit to borrowers. A key 
measure of the efficacy of insurance programs is the loss ratio--the 
percentage of premiums that are paid out in claims. We do not know the 
loss ratios of the Springleaf or One Main credit insurance products, 
but available evidence about other products indicates that credit 
insurance often has little value for the consumer. For one insurance 
company whose products are sold by consumer finance companies, 69 
percent of the premiums went to back

[[Page 15128]]

to the lenders, while 5 percent went to pay actual insurance claims. A 
similar pattern holds for the sale of its accident and health policies 
sold in junction with the loan--in one state, Georgia, in 2011, 56 
percent went back to the lenders, and only 14 percent went to 
claims.\16\
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    \16\ Id.
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    A series of enforcement actions by the Consumer Financial 
Protection Bureau provides important examples of how add-on products 
can be used to increase the cost of using a credit card, both at the 
time the account is opened and later in the relationship.\17\ In July 
2012, the CFPB issued a bulletin describing its supervisory experience 
with add-on products and clarifying the steps that supervised 
institutions should take to ensure that add-on products do not harm 
consumers or violate federal law.\18\ The bulletin discussed 
expectations around the marketing of add-on products and associated 
employee compensation guidelines to ensure that financial institutions 
do not create an incentive to provide inaccurate information. The 
bulletin also highlighted the need to ensure that consumers are not 
required to purchase products as a condition of obtaining credit.
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    \17\ See summary of CFPB enforcement actions in Comments of 
Center for Responsible Lending, National Consumer Law Center, 
Consumer Federation of America, Consumer Action, and U.S. PIRG, to 
U.S Department of Defense, December 31, 2014, http://www.responsiblelending.org/sites/default/files/nodes/files/research-publication/mla_comments_12242014.pdf.
    \18\ Marketing of Credit Card Add-on Products. CFPB Bulletin 
2012-06. Washington, DC: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, July 
18, 2012. http://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201207_cfpb_bulletin_marketing_of_credit_card_addon_products.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in reports to investors, both Springleaf and OneMain sell 
various ancillary products, such as credit insurance and membership 
products, which are typically financed into the principal of the loan 
upon origination.\19\ Both companies sell the products through 
affiliates; for both companies, these affiliates are significant parts 
of their business. For example, Springleaf notes that financed 
insurance premiums account for 4% of the aggregate principal loan 
balance, and for OneMain, they represented 5.3% of the aggregate 
principal balance of OneMain Financial's personal loan portfolio as of 
December 31, 2013.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ Springleaf Financial Services, 2015-B Private Placement 
Memorandum, http://investor.springleaffinancial.com/asset-backed-securities.cfm ``Springleaf, Springleaf sells credit insurance 
products to its personal loan borrowers. These products are provided 
by a group of Springleaf-affiliated insurance companies and insure 
the personal loan borrower's payment obligations on the related 
personal loan in the event of such personal loan borrower's 
inability to make monthly payments due to death, disability or 
involuntary unemployment. Payment of the associated premiums can be 
made by the Borrower separately, but except in very rare instances, 
the personal loan borrower finances payment of the premium and it is 
included in the principal balance of the applicable personal loan. 
The financing of credit insurance products premiums generally 
represents approximately 4.00% of the aggregate principal balance of 
Springleaf's personal loan portfolio.''
    OneMain Financial, OMFIT 2015-3 Private Placement Memorandum, at 
91, http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/AMDA-28PMI5/1321842233x0x867148/8308BAA5-B813-4111-84BC-31DCD0DD0918/OMFIT_2015-3_-_Final_PPM.pdf ``OneMain Financial offers its customers optional 
credit insurance products and membership programs, and the premiums 
and fees for these products and programs typically are financed as 
part of the principal balance of the applicable personal loan. See 
``Underwriting Process and Standards--Optional Products: Credit 
Insurance and Membership Program'' in this private placement 
memorandum. This represents approximately 4.9% of the aggregate 
principal balance of OneMain Financial's personal loan portfolio as 
of June 30, 2015. . . . OneMain Financial offers optional insurance 
products to its customers through its affiliated insurance companies 
American Health and Life Insurance, Co. (``AHL''), and Triton 
Insurance Company (``Triton'' and together with AHL, ``Citi 
Assurance Services'' or ``CAS''), as described below under 
``Underwriting Process and Standards--Optional Products: Credit 
Insurance and Membership Program'' in this private placement 
memorandum. AHL and Triton are wholly-owned subsidiaries of CCC.
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    In North Carolina, where Springleaf and OneMain comprise the two 
largest lenders, the sale of insurance products on installment loans 
made by consumer finance companies is more than double the number of 
loans originated, indicating that a single loan is often stacked with 
multiple insurance products.\20\
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    \20\ The North Carolina Commissioner of Banks's 2014 Consumer 
Finance Annual Report showed more than 1.2 million credit insurance 
products were sold on only 495,682 loans. http://www.nccob.org/Public/docs/Financial%20Institutions/Consumer%20Finance/2014_Annual_Report.pdf
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further indicative that some lenders use credit insurance or other 
add-on sales to drive up loan costs is the fact that installment 
lenders tack on add-on products in states that have lower statutory 
caps on interest, but do not do so in states that allow for higher 
interest rates.\21\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Kiel, Paul, ``The 182 Percent Loan: How Installment Lenders 
Put Borrowers in a World of Hurt,'' ProPublica, May 13, 2014. http://www.propublica.org/article/installment-loans-world-finance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A survey by the North Carolina Justice Center puts a point on how 
add-ons help drive refinancings. The survey of 50 cases filed by 
consumer finance lenders in Wake County, North Carolina, found that 
where there was evidence of refinancing, a majority of the ``payout'' 
went towards paying credit insurance fees. The average amount disbursed 
to borrowers was less than $1.50.

Lenders Tend To Charge the Maximum Rate Permitted Under State Law

    In its 2012 annual report to investors, a national consumer 
installment lender noted ``that virtually all participants in the 
small-loan consumer finance industry charge at or close to the maximum 
rates permitted under applicable state laws in those states with 
interest rate limitations.'' \22\ Similarly, in an in-depth examination 
of the consumer installment lending industry, the NC Commission on 
Banks determined that ``licensees were charging the maximum blended 
rate allowable.'' \23\ There is no competition on price in this 
market--rather, any competition is centered around store location and 
branding. For consumers, the presence of more or different lenders in a 
community will have no meaningful impact on the cost of installment 
loans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ World Acceptance Corporation, SEC Filing 10-K, March 31, 
2012.
    \23\ N.C. Commissioner of Banks, ``The Consumer Finance Act: 
Report and Recommendations to the 2011 General Assembly.'' February 
2011.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We urge the Department to consider this information carefully, and 
to clarify its statement that these loans are helpful to communities in 
need. As this information shows, too often these loans lead to 
financial harm, not help.

[FR Doc. 2016-06238 Filed 3-18-16; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE P
15124 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 54 / Monday, March 21, 2016 / Notices

Register pursuant to section 6(b) of the violations alleged in the Complaint. The interviews with competitors, obtained
Act on January 22, 2016 (81 FR 3821). United States will move the Court for information from state regulators, and
entry of the proposed Final Judgment deposed six Springleaf and OneMain
Patricia A. Brink,
after the public comment and this business executives. In addition, the
Director of Civil Enforcement, Antitrust Response have been published in the Department consulted consumer
Division.
Federal Register pursuant to 15 U.S.C. advocacy groups to solicit their views
[FR Doc. 2016–06242 Filed 3–18–16; 8:45 am]
§ 16(d). about the proposed acquisition. The
BILLING CODE P Department carefully analyzed the
I. Procedural History
information it obtained from these
On March 2, 2015, Springleaf sources and thoroughly considered all
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Holdings, Inc. (‘‘Springleaf’’) entered of the issues presented.
into a purchase agreement to acquire The Department found that the
Antitrust Division
OneMain Financial Holdings, LLC proposed acquisition likely would have
United States et al. v. Springleaf (‘‘OneMain’’) from CitiFinancial Credit eliminated substantial head-to-head
Holdings, Inc., et al.; Public Comment Company for $4.25 billion. On competition between Springleaf and
and Response on Proposed Final November 13, 2015, the United States OneMain in the provision of personal
Judgment and the States of Colorado, Idaho, installment loans to subprime borrowers
Texas, Washington and West Virginia in local areas within and around 126
Pursuant to the Antitrust Procedures and the Commonwealths of towns and municipalities in 11 states. In
and Penalties Act, 15 U.S.C. 16(b)–(h), Pennsylvania and Virginia (collectively these areas, Springleaf and OneMain are
the United States hereby publishes ‘‘Plaintiffs’’) filed a civil antitrust the largest providers of personal
below the comment received on the Complaint seeking to enjoin Springleaf installment loans to subprime
proposed Final Judgment in United from acquiring OneMain. Plaintiffs borrowers, and face little, if any,
States et. al. v. Springleaf Holdings, Inc., alleged in the Complaint that the competition from other personal
et. al., Civil Action No. 15–1992 (RMC), proposed acquisition likely would installment lenders. Without the benefit
together with the Response of the substantially lessen competition for of competition between Springleaf and
United States to Public Comment. personal installment loans to subprime OneMain, the Department concluded
Copies of the comment and the borrowers in numerous local areas in that prices and other terms for personal
United States’ Response are available for violation of Section 7 of the Clayton installment loans to subprime borrowers
inspection on the Antitrust Division’s Act, 15 U.S.C. § 18. would become less favorable, and access
Web site at http://www.justice.gov/atr, Simultaneously with the filing of the to such loans by subprime borrowers
and at the Office of the Clerk of the Complaint, Plaintiffs filed a proposed would decrease. For these reasons, the
United States District Court for the Final Judgment, an Asset Preservation Department, joined by the States, filed
District of Columbia. Copies of these Stipulation and Order, and a a civil antitrust lawsuit to enjoin the
materials may be obtained from the Competitive Impact Statement (‘‘CIS’’). merger and alleged that the proposed
Antitrust Division upon request and As required by the Tunney Act, the transaction violated Section 7 of the
payment of the copying fee set by United States published the proposed Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 18.
Department of Justice regulations. Final Judgment and CIS in the Federal The proposed Final Judgment
Register on November 24, 2015, see 80 eliminates the anticompetitive effects
Patricia A. Brink,
FR 73212, and caused to be published identified in the Complaint by requiring
Director of Civil Enforcement. summaries of the proposed Final Defendants to divest 127 Springleaf
United States District Court for the Judgment and CIS, together with branches to Lendmark Financial
District of Columbia directions for the submission of written Services or to one or more alternative
comments relating to the proposed Final acquirers acceptable to the United
United States of America, State of Judgment, in The Washington Post for States. The branches to be divested are
Colorado, State of Idaho, Commonwealth of seven days from November 20 to located in the local areas within and
Pennsylvania, State of Texas, November 26, 2015. The 60-day period around the 126 towns and
Commonwealth of Virginia, State of
Washington, and State of West Virginia,
for public comments ended on January municipalities identified in the
Plaintiffs, v. Springleaf Holdings, Inc., 25, 2016. The United States received Complaint. The divestitures will
Onemain Financial Holdings, LLC, and one comment, which is described below establish Lendmark as a new,
Citifinancial Credit Company, Defendants. and attached hereto as Exhibit 1. independent, and economically viable
Case No.: 1:15-cv-01992 (RMC) competitor in some states and local
II. The Investigation and the Proposed
Response of Plaintiff United States to Settlement areas and allow Lendmark to enhance
Public Comment on the Proposed Final its competitive presence in others.
The proposed Final Judgment is the Since Plaintiffs submitted the
Judgment culmination of more than six months of proposed Final Judgment on November
Pursuant to the requirements of the investigation by the Antitrust Division 13, 2015, Lendmark has begun the
Antitrust Procedures and Penalties Act, of the United States Department of process of obtaining state licenses for
15 U.S.C. § 16(b)–(h) (‘‘APPA’’ or Justice (‘‘Department’’), along with the acquisition of the 127 Springleaf
‘‘Tunney Act’’), the United States Offices of the State Attorneys General of branches. In addition, the Court
hereby files the single public comment Colorado, Idaho, Texas, Washington, appointed Patricia A. Murphy as
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with NOTICES

received concerning the proposed Final West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Monitoring Trustee on January 19, 2016.
Judgment in this case and the United Virginia (collectively ‘‘States’’). As part
States’s response to the comment. After of the investigation, the Department III. Standard of Judicial Review
careful consideration of the submitted issued 21 Civil Investigative Demands The Tunney Act requires that
comment, the United States continues to for documents and information and proposed consent judgments in antitrust
believe that the proposed Final collected more than 350,000 documents cases brought by the United States be
Judgment provides an effective and from the Defendants and third parties. subject to a 60-day public comment
appropriate remedy for the antitrust The Department also conducted period, after which the court shall

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15126 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 54 / Monday, March 21, 2016 / Notices

lenders to charge the maximum interest V. Conclusion of installment loans as a ‘‘lifeline’’ for
rate permitted under state law, which After reviewing the public comment, consumers. Loans that are not
CRL claims to occur regardless of the the United States continues to believe appropriately underwritten such that a
borrower’s creditworthiness. Taken that the proposed Final Judgment, as borrower can repay them without
together, CRL suggests that these alleged drafted, provides an effective and refinancing are not a lifeline. Neither are
practices demonstrate that personal appropriate remedy for the antitrust loans laden with credit insurance
installment loans offer little benefit to violations alleged in the Complaint, and products that significantly increase the
consumers and often lead to more is therefore in the public interest. The cost of the loan while providing little to
financial harm than help. United States will move this Court to no benefit to the borrower a lifeline.
enter the proposed Final Judgment after Rather, installment loans like those that
The Department appreciates CRL’s OneMain and Springleaf make often
advocacy efforts on behalf of consumers the comment and this response are
published in the Federal Register. sink borrowers into inescapable debt.
and takes CRL’s concerns about possible Repeat refinancings provide lenders
abusive industry practices seriously. Dated: March 08, 2016 the opportunity to extend the length of
However, the Department is tasked with Respectfully submitted, the loan and charge new origination or
enforcing the antitrust laws of the llll/s/llll processing fees, but often fail to generate
United States and does not have Angela Ting (D.C. Bar #449576), benefits for the borrower. Worse,
jurisdiction to address other issues of United States Department of Justice, refinancing allows the lender to sell
consumer protection that fall within the Antitrust Division, Litigation II Section, 450 new add-on credit insurance products.
purview of agencies such as the Fifth Street, NW., Suite 8700, Washington,
This creates a harmful, symbiotic
DC 20530, Tel.: (202) 616–7721, Email:
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. angela.ting@usdoj.gov. relationship between refinancing and
The Department’s antitrust investigation add-on products—refinancing is not
was limited to analysis of Springleaf’s Comments From the Center for only a powerful and lucrative incentive
proposed acquisition of OneMain and Responsible Lending to the U.S. for installment lenders to extend the
its likely competitive effects. In reaching Department of Justice Regarding United loan, but the ability to sell new
the proposed settlement, the States et al. v. Springleaf Holdings, Inc., insurance products with each loan that
Department concluded that there was et al.; Proposed Final Judgment and provide substantial compensation to the
direct and meaningful competition Competitive Impact Statement lender results in added cost to the
between Springleaf and OneMain January 23, 2016 borrowers with little or no benefit.
(competition that was not limited to The Center for Responsible Lending 1 Repeat Refinancing Indicates
branding and branch location, as submits this comment to provide Unaffordable Loans or Lending Without
suggested in CRL’s comment); that additional context about the consumer Regard to Ability to Repay
subprime borrowers benefitted from this installment loan market, in particular to Regardless of the type of loan product,
head-to-head competition; and that the highlight issues unaddressed by the evidence of significant repeat
loss of this competition would likely proposed settlement with One Main and refinancing is a signal of troublesome
result in higher prices and less favorable Springleaf. In this letter, the practices. Typically, the original loan
terms for personal installment loans in undersigned organizations bring to your was not made on terms affordable to the
over 120 local areas in 11 states. The attention three areas of concern that the borrower and/or the lender is engaged
divestitures set forth in the proposed settlement did not address, but which in loan flipping to increase the costs of
Final Judgment seek to eliminate these have a significant impact on borrowers: the credit and extend the indebtedness.
anticompetitive effects in all of the local • The high incidence of repeat In fact, longstanding applications of the
areas of concern. refinancing in the industry; principle of ‘‘ability to repay’’ provide
CRL’s comment suggests that the • The sale of ancillary products such that it means determining the borrower
Department should—as part of its as credit insurance that significantly can afford to repay a loan without
review of the proposed merger— increase the cost of installment loans refinancing, renewing, or reborrowing.2
investigate and take steps to remedy while providing very little benefit to Installment loans have been associated
alleged industry practices that are borrowers; and with repeated refinances that account
outside of the Department’s merger • The tendency of lenders to charge for as much two-thirds of loan business.
review and thus are not (and cannot be) the maximum interest rate permitted Upon refinancing, the lender assesses
challenged in the Complaint. It is well- under state law regardless of the new fees and add-on products where
settled that comments, such as CRL’s creditworthiness of the borrower. allowed while extending the term of the
comment, that are unrelated to the We were also particularly concerned loan. Consumers are typically not given
about the Department’s characterization an adequate rebate of charges prepaid
concerns identified in the complaint
reach beyond the scope of this Court’s on the first loan.
1 The Center for Responsible Lending (CRL), a
Tunney Act review. See, e.g., SBC These loans are often secured by a
nonprofit, nonpartisan research and policy
Commc’ns, 489 F. Supp. 2d at 14 organization dedicated to protecting borrower’s personal property, car or
(holding that ‘‘a district court is not homeownership and family wealth by working to both. This practice provides the lender
permitted to ‘reach beyond the eliminate abusive financial practices. CRL is an extraordinary leverage over the
affiliate of Self-Help, a nonprofit community borrower as well as the opportunity to
complaint to evaluate claims that the development financial institution. For thirty years,
government did not make and to inquire Self-Help has focused on creating asset-building require and sell expensive property
mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with NOTICES

as to why they were not made’ ’’) opportunities for low-income, rural, women-
headed, and minority families, primarily through 2 See, e.g., the Federal Reserve Board’s 2009 rules
(quoting Microsoft, 56 F.3d at 1459) financing safe, affordable home loans and small under the Home Ownership and Equity Protection
(emphasis in original); see also US business loans. In total, Self-Help has provided $6 Act (HOEPA), which note that ‘‘[l]ending without
Airways, 38 F. Supp. 3d at 76. billion in financing to 70,000 homebuyers, small regard to repayment ability . . . facilitates an
Accordingly, CRL’s comment does not businesses and nonprofit organizations and serves abusive strategy of ‘flipping’ borrowers in a
more than 80,000 mostly low-income families succession of refinancings.’’ Federal Reserve
provide a basis for rejecting the through 30 retail credit union branches in North System, Truth in Lending, Regulation Z; Final Rule,
proposed Final Judgment. Carolina, California, and Chicago. 73 FR 44522, 44542 (July 30, 2008).

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Document Created: 2016-03-19 01:00:42
Document Modified: 2016-03-19 01:00:42
Category		Regulatory Information
Collection		Federal Register
sudoc Class		AE 2.7: GS 4.107: AE 2.106:
Publisher		Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration
Section		Notices
FR Citation		81 FR 15124
81 FR 15124 - United States et al. v. Springleaf Holdings, Inc., et al.; Public Comment and Response on Proposed Final Judgment

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICEAntitrust Division

Federal Register Volume 81, Issue 54 (March 21, 2016)

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Antitrust Division
