81_FR_33229 81 FR 33128 - Cardiovascular Devices; Reclassification of External Cardiac Compressor; Reclassification of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Aids

81 FR 33128 - Cardiovascular Devices; Reclassification of External Cardiac Compressor; Reclassification of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Aids

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Food and Drug Administration

Federal Register Volume 81, Issue 101 (May 25, 2016)

Page Range33128-33134
FR Document2016-12333

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final order to reclassify external cardiac compressors (ECC) (under FDA product code DRM), a preamendments class III device, into class II (special controls). FDA is also creating a separate classification regulation for a subgroup of devices previously included within this classification regulation, to be called cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) aids, and reclassifying these devices from class III to class II for CPR aids with feedback and to class I for CPR aids without feedback.

Federal Register, Volume 81 Issue 101 (Wednesday, May 25, 2016)
[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 101 (Wednesday, May 25, 2016)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 33128-33134]
From the Federal Register Online  [www.thefederalregister.org]
[FR Doc No: 2016-12333]


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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Food and Drug Administration

21 CFR Part 870

[Docket No. FDA-2012-N-1173]


Cardiovascular Devices; Reclassification of External Cardiac 
Compressor; Reclassification of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Aids

AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.

ACTION: Final order.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final 
order to reclassify external cardiac compressors (ECC) (under FDA 
product code DRM), a preamendments class III device, into class II 
(special controls). FDA is also creating a separate classification 
regulation for a subgroup of devices previously included within this 
classification regulation, to be called cardiopulmonary resuscitation 
(CPR) aids, and reclassifying these devices from class III to class II 
for CPR aids with feedback and to class I for CPR aids without 
feedback.

DATES: This order is effective on May 25, 2016.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Hina Pinto, Center for Devices and 
Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 66, Rm. 1652, 
Silver Spring, MD 20993, 301-796-6351, [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background--Regulatory Authorities

    The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act), as amended 
by the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (the 1976 amendments) (Pub. L. 
94-295), the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-629), the 
Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (Pub. L. 105-
115), the Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act of 2002 (Pub. 
L. 107-250), the Medical Devices Technical Corrections Act (Pub. L. 
108-214), the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (Pub. 
L. 110-85), and the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation 
Act (FDASIA) (Pub. L. 112-144), among other amendments, established a 
comprehensive system for the regulation of medical devices intended for 
human use. Section 513 of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 360c) established 
three categories (classes) of devices, reflecting the regulatory 
controls needed to provide reasonable assurance of their safety and

[[Page 33129]]

effectiveness. The three categories of devices are class I (general 
controls), class II (special controls), and class III (premarket 
approval).
    Under section 513(d) of the FD&C Act, devices that were in 
commercial distribution before the enactment of the 1976 amendments, 
May 28, 1976 (generally referred to as preamendments devices), are 
classified after FDA has: (1) Received a recommendation from a device 
classification panel (an FDA advisory committee); (2) published the 
panel's recommendation for comment by interested persons, along with a 
proposed regulation classifying the device; and (3) published a final 
regulation classifying the device. FDA has classified most 
preamendments devices under these procedures.
    Devices that were not in commercial distribution prior to May 28, 
1976 (generally referred to as postamendments devices), are 
automatically classified by section 513(f) of the FD&C Act into class 
III without any FDA rulemaking process. Those devices remain in class 
III and require premarket approval unless, and until, the device is 
reclassified into class I or II, or FDA issues an order finding the 
device to be substantially equivalent, in accordance with section 
513(i) of the FD&C Act, to a predicate device that does not require 
premarket approval. The Agency determines whether new devices are 
substantially equivalent to predicate devices by means of premarket 
notification procedures in section 510(k) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 
360(k)) and 21 CFR part 807.
    A preamendments device that has been classified into class III and 
devices found substantially equivalent by means of premarket 
notification (510(k)) procedures to such a preamendments device or to a 
device within that type (both the preamendments and substantially 
equivalent devices are referred to as preamendments class III devices) 
may be marketed without submission of a premarket approval application 
(PMA) until FDA issues a final order under section 515(b) of the FD&C 
Act (21 U.S.C. 360e(b)) requiring premarket approval or until the 
device is subsequently reclassified into class I or class II.
    On July 9, 2012, FDASIA was enacted. Section 608(a) of FDASIA 
amended section 513(e) of the FD&C Act, changing the mechanism for 
reclassifying a device from rulemaking to an administrative order.
    Section 513(e) of the FD&C Act provides that FDA may, by 
administrative order, reclassify a device based upon ``new 
information.'' FDA can initiate a reclassification under section 513(e) 
or an interested person may petition FDA to reclassify a preamendments 
device. The term ``new information,'' as used in section 513(e) of the 
FD&C Act, includes information developed as a result of a reevaluation 
of the data before the Agency when the device was originally 
classified, as well as information not presented, not available, or not 
developed at that time. (See, e.g., Holland-Rantos Co. v. U.S. Dep't of 
Health, Educ. & Welfare, 587 F.2d 1173, 1174 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1978); 
Upjohn Co. v. Finch, 422 F.2d 944 (6th Cir. 1970); Bell v. Goddard, 366 
F.2d 177 (7th Cir. 1966).)
    Reevaluation of the data previously before the Agency is an 
appropriate basis for subsequent action where the reevaluation is made 
in light of newly available authority (see Bell, 366 F.2d at 181; 
Ethicon, Inc. v. FDA, 762 F. Supp. 382, 388-91 (D.D.C. 1991)), or in 
light of changes in ``medical science'' (Upjohn, 422 F.2d at 951). 
Whether data before the Agency are old or new data, the ``new 
information'' to support reclassification under section 513(e) must be 
``valid scientific evidence,'' as defined in section 513(a)(3) of the 
FD&C Act and Sec.  860.7(c)(2) (21 CFR 860.7(c)(2)). (See, e.g., Gen. 
Med. Co. v. FDA, 770 F.2d 214 (D.C. Cir. 1985); Contact Lens Mfrs. 
Ass'n v. FDA, 766 F.2d 592 (D.C. Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 
1062 (1986).)
    FDA relies upon ``valid scientific evidence'' in the classification 
process to determine the level of regulation for devices. To be 
considered in the reclassification process, the ``valid scientific 
evidence'' upon which the Agency relies must be publicly available. 
Publicly available information excludes trade secret and/or 
confidential commercial information, e.g., the contents of a pending 
PMA. (See section 520(c) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 360j(c)).)
    Section 513(e)(1) of the FD&C Act sets forth the process for 
issuing a final reclassification order. Specifically, prior to the 
issuance of a final order reclassifying a device, the following must 
occur: (1) Publication of a proposed order in the Federal Register; (2) 
a meeting of a device classification panel described in section 513(b) 
of the FD&C Act; and (3) consideration of comments to a public docket. 
FDA published a proposed order to reclassify this device in the Federal 
Register of January 8, 2013 (78 FR 1162). FDA has held a meeting of a 
device classification panel described in section 513(b) of the FD&C Act 
with respect to ECC devices, including CPR aids, and therefore, has met 
this requirement under section 513(e)(1) of the FD&C Act. As explained 
further in section III, a meeting of a device classification panel (the 
Panel) described in section 513(b) of the FD&C Act took place on 
September 11, 2013, to discuss whether ECC devices, including CPR aids, 
should be reclassified or remain in class III. The Panel recommended 
that ECC and CPR aid devices with feedback be reclassified into class 
II because there was sufficient information to establish special 
controls to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. 
The Panel further recommended that CPR aid devices without feedback be 
reclassified into class I because general controls are sufficient to 
provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. FDA 
received and has considered four comments on the proposed order as 
discussed in section II.

II. Public Comments in Response to the Proposed Order

    In response to the January 8, 2013, proposed order to reclassify 
external cardiac compressors (including CPR aid devices), FDA received 
four comments. Two comments submitted were supportive of the proposed 
reclassification of the devices, citing, among other things, their safe 
history of use and the need for such devices in situations with 
inadequate access to professionally trained rescuers.
    (Comment 1) One comment disagreed with FDA's proposal to reclassify 
ECC devices and sought a proposed order confirming their status as 
class III devices and requiring PMAs with data from well-controlled 
clinical trials to ensure that these devices are safe and effective. 
The comment stated that the life-sustaining nature of the device along 
with equivocal existing clinical evidence, including data indicating 
that use of ECC may result in neurological outcomes more severe than 
manual CPR, would support keeping the device in class III. The comment 
stated that classification of ECCs should be reviewed by a device 
classification panel. The comment further suggested that the risks to 
health identified in the proposed order should include death and 
neurological damage, and that there are existing data that use of the 
ECC device or device malfunction can delay the start of compressions 
and that professional first-responders often use the device improperly.
    (Response) FDA disagrees with the comment. FDA acknowledges that 
the data on the use of ECC devices as a replacement to effective manual 
CPR are equivocal; however, the proposed order recommended 
reclassification of the

[[Page 33130]]

device as an adjunct to manual CPR. In this final order, FDA has 
further refined the identification for the device in 21 CFR 870.5200 to 
include ``as an adjunct to manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 
when effective manual CPR is not possible (e.g., during patient 
transport, extended CPR when fatigue may prohibit the delivery of 
effective/consistent compressions to the victim, or when insufficient 
EMS personnel are available to provide effective CPR).'' FDA is only 
reclassifying into class II the ECC devices indicated for use when 
effective manual CPR compressions cannot otherwise be provided by the 
rescuer. In this final order, FDA has further revised the device 
identification and the labeling special controls (see section IV) to 
clarify this intended use.
    It is well-established in the clinical community that CPR, 
including effective compressions, is critical to improve the chances of 
survival for a victim of sudden cardiac arrest (Ref. 1). In such 
circumstances when effective manual CPR compressions cannot be provided 
by the rescuer, use of an ECC device that has been demonstrated to 
provide compressions consistent with the American Heart Association's 
(AHA) ``Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency 
Cardiovascular Care'' is warranted (Ref. 1). Although controlled 
clinical trials for adjunctive use might be difficult to conduct 
because denying use of an ECC device on patients in the ``control'' arm 
could decrease their chance for survival, it is well established that 
chest compressions are crucial to maintaining perfusion and that 
compressions of adequate rate and depth are necessary to increase the 
probability of survival in victims of sudden cardiac arrest (Ref. 1). 
As such, FDA believes that these devices, when indicated for use as an 
adjunct to manual CPR during patient transport or for use in situations 
where fatigue of or inaccessibility to emergency medical personnel may 
otherwise prevent adequate chest compressions, can be regulated as 
class II devices. These devices should not be used as a replacement for 
manual CPR.
    FDA presented a modified ECC device identification and the 
available scientific evidence to a device classification panel that 
reached consensus in support of FDA's proposal for reclassification 
(see section III). FDA also presented the risks to health to the Panel, 
and there was consensus support by the Panel of the risks as originally 
identified.
    (Comment 2) This comment also states that FDA failed to properly 
consider death or neurological injury as a health risk associated with 
these devices. However, as discussed in section III, death and 
neurological damage are outcomes already covered by the identified 
risks of ``ineffective compressions.''
    (Response) FDA's presentation to the Panel also included a review 
of adverse events. This review did not reveal a significant number of 
adverse events associated with device malfunction or improper use, 
given the usage of these devices over more than a decade (e.g., 88 
adverse event reports over a 12-year period, with 33 of the 88 
malfunctions occurring in 1 year--2012--which can be attributed to an 
increase in reported problems for one particular device that eventually 
resulted in a recall). Additionally, these issues are also adequately 
addressed with the implementation of special controls related to 
performance data, labeling on appropriate use, and general controls, 
including good manufacturing practices. The Panel also reached 
consensus in support of the special controls, and FDA has modified the 
special controls in response to certain concerns expressed by the 
Panel, including concerns related to potential for use of the ECC 
device to delay CPR (see section III).
    (Comment 3) One comment suggested that CPR aid devices should be 
identified separately from ECC devices, and that CPR aid devices that 
provide feedback solely on compression should be defined separately 
from other CPR aid devices that provide feedback on additional CPR 
parameters, such as ventilation. The comment further suggested that CPR 
aid devices should be made widely available (e.g., ``over-the-
counter'') and are low-risk devices that should be exempt from 
premarket notification (510(k)). The comment noted that the risks to 
health described in the proposed order as well as the proposed special 
controls could instead be covered by general controls, including design 
controls under 21 CFR part 820, and hence classification of these 
devices into class I was appropriate.
    (Response) FDA agrees, in part, with the comment. FDA agrees that 
CPR aid devices are distinct in intended use and technology when 
compared to devices that automatically deliver compressions. In this 
final order, FDA has separated CPR aid devices into a separate 
classification regulation, 21 CFR 870.5210 (see section VI). FDA also 
agrees that availability of these devices over-the-counter is 
appropriate in certain instances when the devices are adequately 
designed and provided with adequate labeling on appropriate use. As 
discussed in this document, FDA has modified the criteria for exemption 
of these devices from premarket notification, and such exemption is no 
longer tied to prescription use as compared to over-the-counter use.
    FDA disagrees, in part, with the comment related to the 
classification of the CPR aid devices. Although, FDA agrees that the 
risks associated with CPR aid devices without feedback can be 
adequately mitigated with general controls, FDA has determined that CPR 
aid devices with feedback require special controls. FDA did consider 
whether it was more appropriate to evaluate the technology contained 
within CPR aid devices and consider appropriate regulatory controls 
based on technological characteristics, as opposed to prescription-use 
and compliance with CPR guidelines as was originally proposed. FDA 
determined that based on technological complexity, some CPR aid devices 
could be appropriately regulated in class I (general controls) and 
class II (special controls). CPR aid devices can be appropriately 
regulated as follows: (1) CPR aid devices without feedback are 
reclassified into class I, (2) CPR aid devices with feedback, but 
without software are reclassified into class II, exempt from submission 
of a 510(k), and (3) CPR aid devices with feedback with software are 
reclassified into class II (special controls), not exempt from 510(k). 
Further, FDA notes that design controls under 21 CFR 820.30 would apply 
to all CPR aid devices with software.
    This final order, therefore, now divides CPR aid devices into those 
without feedback (class I) or with feedback (class II). This approach 
was presented to and supported by the Panel (see section III). CPR aid 
devices that do not provide feedback (e.g., hand positioning aids and 
``metronome'' devices that provide sounds to prompt the rescuer to 
deliver compressions at a rate consistent with CPR guidelines) can be 
regulated in class I, subject to the general controls and generally 
exempt from premarket notification (subject to the limitations of 
exemption contained in Sec.  870.9 (21 CFR 870.9)). FDA continues to 
believe that CPR aid devices that do provide feedback to the rescuer 
(e.g., devices that sit on the patient's chest, underneath the hands of 
the rescuer, to provide feedback on compression rate/depth/etc., or 
devices that provide prompts to the rescuer on appropriate CPR 
sequence) require special controls, in combination with general 
controls, to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and 
effectiveness. FDA acknowledges that some of the specified performance 
testing and other

[[Page 33131]]

special controls requirements will be managed as part of a 
manufacturer's design control process; however, FDA disagrees that the 
general requirements to conform to design controls requirements under 
21 CFR 820.30 are sufficient to ensure that manufacturers will perform 
the tests and other requirements that are necessary as specifically 
identified in the special controls.
    FDA further determined that due to their simple and well-understood 
technological characteristics, exemption from premarket notification 
(510(k)) is appropriate for mechanical or electro-mechanical CPR aid 
devices that provide feedback (e.g., devices that utilize bladders and 
pressure gauges to provide feedback on compression depth), when such 
devices comply with the special controls and subject to the limitations 
of exemption contained in Sec.  870.9. However, devices that contain 
software have complex and evolving levels of visual and audio feedback 
to users, warranting continued review under the 510(k) process.

III. Deliberations of the Panel

    In Session I on September 11, 2013, the Circulatory System Devices 
Panel (the Panel) of the Medical Devices Advisory Committee considered 
the proposed reclassification of ECC devices (Ref. 2). The Panel was 
asked to provide input on the risks to health, safety, and 
effectiveness of ECC devices and CPR aid devices. The Panel was also 
asked to consider FDA's proposed premarket regulatory classification 
strategy for ECC and CPR aid devices, which, for CPR aid devices in 
particular, had been modified based on public comments received on the 
proposed order for ECC devices (see FDA's Panel Executive Summary, Ref. 
2). The regulatory strategy presented to the Panel included: (1) 
Reclassification for ECC devices from class III to class II (special 
controls); (2) reclassification of CPR aid devices without feedback to 
class I (general controls), with over-the-counter access appropriate if 
the device is labeled for professionally trained rescuers; and (3) 
reclassification of CPR aid devices with feedback to class II (special 
controls), with over-the-counter access appropriate if human factors 
testing demonstrates proper use by the intended user identified in the 
labeling (professionally trained and/or untrained lay rescuers).
    The Panel reached consensus in supporting the aforementioned 
classification strategy for CPR aid devices. There was significant 
panel deliberation on reclassification of the automated ECC devices 
that deliver compressions. The Panel expressed concern regarding the 
limited available clinical evidence for these devices. Based on the 
definition of valid scientific evidence in Sec.  860.7(c)(2), which 
allows for ``reports of significant human experience with a marketed 
device, from which it can fairly and responsibly be concluded by 
qualified experts that there is a reasonable assurance of the safety 
and effectiveness of a device under its conditions of use'' and the 
wide clinical knowledge base supporting that effective CPR (including 
compressions) optimize the chance for survival of victims of cardiac 
arrest, the Panel consensus was that it was appropriate to reclassify 
these devices for adjunctive use (e.g., in situations where a rescuer 
cannot provide effective manual compressions). The Panel acknowledged 
that there is insufficient evidence to conclude that ECC devices are as 
effective as manual CPR.
    As discussed at the Panel meeting, FDA has identified the public 
health benefits in using ECC devices (Ref. 2). Automated ECCs are used 
by emergency medical personnel to automate chest compressions during 
CPR. These devices are typically used in situations where extended CPR 
is required, such as during patient transport or when there are an 
inadequate number of trained personnel during extended CPR. FDA 
believes that these devices, when indicated for use as an adjunct to 
manual CPR during patient transport or for use in situations where 
fatigue of or inaccessibility to emergency medical personnel may 
otherwise prevent adequate chest compressions, will serve a public 
health benefit. In the absence of effective chest compressions, death 
is a likely outcome.
    CPR aid devices also have public health benefits because these 
devices are used to remind emergency medical personnel of appropriate 
CPR steps and technique and to provide feedback on the rate and depth 
of compressions (Ref. 2). Specifically, these devices are intended to 
assist the rescuer in providing consistent and effective/optimal CPR, 
and can include instruction, rate, and/or breathing prompts, and real-
time feedback through the duration of CPR and in accordance with 
current accepted CPR guidelines. The AHA guidelines on cardiopulmonary 
resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care state that ``real-time 
CPR prompting and feedback technology such as visual and auditory 
prompting devices can improve the quality of CPR'' (Ref. 1). CPR aid 
devices are intended to encourage the rescuer to perform consistent and 
optimal CPR over the duration of needed therapy.
    FDA also presented the risks to health to the Panel, and the Panel 
reached consensus in supporting the risks as originally identified with 
the following comments: (1) The risks identified for CPR aid devices 
should also include the same risks as identified for the ECC devices 
because a CPR aid device that provides incorrect feedback can result in 
similar risks as the ECC devices, and (2) death and neurologic injury 
are not specifically identified in the ECC risks. FDA considered the 
Panel's input related to the risks of the device and determined that 
the originally proposed risks of the devices are appropriate. The risks 
to health are those risks directly associated with use of the device. 
The CPR aid device cannot directly cause tissue damage, bone breakage, 
etc. and these risks are a consequence of the application of CPR by a 
rescuer. Moreoever, since ``ineffective compressions'' could result in 
neurological damage and/or death, these risks are adequately covered by 
the identified risk of ``ineffective compressions.''
    The Panel also made recommendations to FDA regarding additional 
special controls for ECC and CPR aid devices including: (1) Disclosure 
of limitations on patient size and/or use population, (2) controls over 
the time necessary to deploy the device, and (3) reinforcing that the 
ECC device is for adjunctive use. FDA agrees with the special control 
recommendations for ECC devices and has revised the special controls 
accordingly; for CPR aid devices, FDA does not believe controls are 
necessary during the time needed to deploy the device since use of 
these devices would not result in a significant delay in administering 
CPR.
    After considering input from the Panel, FDA has determined that the 
risks to health identified for ECC and CPR aid devices (with and 
without feedback) can be adequately mitigated by the special controls 
as outlined in tables 1 to 3.

[[Page 33132]]



    Table 1--Risks to Health and Mitigation Measures for ECC Devices
------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Identified risk                    Mitigation measures
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cardiac arrhythmias or electrical       Electrical Safety and
 shock.                                 Electromagnetic Compatibility
                                        Testing (e.g., ISO 60601-1 and
                                        ISO 60601-1-2).
                                        Labeling.
Tissue/organ damage..................   Performance testing,
                                        including bench testing.
                                        Software verification/
                                        validation/hazards analysis.
                                        Human factors testing
                                        and analysis.
                                        Labeling.
                                        Training.
Bone breakage (ribs, sternum)........   Performance testing,
                                        including bench testing.
                                        Software verification/
                                        validation/hazards analysis.
                                        Human factors testing
                                        and analysis.
                                        Labeling.
                                        Training.
Inadequate blood flow................   Performance testing,
                                        including bench testing.
                                        Software verification/
                                        validation/hazards analysis.
                                        Human factors testing
                                        and analysis.
                                        Labeling.
                                        Training.
Adverse skin reactions...............   Assessment/use of
                                        biocompatible materials.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


  Table 2--Risks to Health and Mitigation Measures for CPR Aid Devices
                              With Feedback
------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Identified risk                    Mitigation measures
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suboptimal CPR delivery..............   Performance testing.
                                        For devices that
                                        incorporate electrical
                                        components, electrical safety
                                        and electromagnetic
                                        compatibility testing;
                                        For devices containing
                                        software, software verification,
                                        validation, and hazard;
                                        Human factors testing
                                        and analysis;
                                        Labeling must include
                                        clinical training, if needed.
Adverse skin reactions...............   Assessment/use of
                                        biocompatible materials.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


  Table 3--Risks to Health and Mitigation Measures for CPR Aid Devices
                            Without Feedback
------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Identified risk                    Mitigation measures
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suboptimal CPR delivery..............   General Controls
                                       [cir] Labeling: Intended for use
                                        by professionally trained
                                        rescuers.
                                       [cir] Quality system regulation
                                        requirements, including design
                                        controls for devices that
                                        include software.
Adverse skin reactions...............   Assessment/use of
                                        biocompatible materials.\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Given the benefit/risk profile, this risk can be adequately
  mitigated in this patient population by general controls.

IV. The Final Order

    Under section 513(e) of the FD&C Act, FDA is adopting its findings, 
in part, as published in the preamble to the proposed order (78 FR 
1162, January 8, 2013). FDA has made revisions in this final order in 
response to the comments received (see section II) and the 
deliberations of the Panel (see section III). As published in the 
proposed order, FDA is issuing this final order to reclassify ECC 
(under FDA product code DRM) from class III to class II and establish 
special controls by revising part 870 (21 CFR 870.5200). The 
identification for 21 CFR 870.5200 has been revised to specify that 
these are prescription devices and to clarify that these devices are 
reclassified only for adjunctive use by changing the identification to 
read ``. . . when effective manual CPR is not possible (e.g., during 
patient transport or extended CPR when fatigue may prohibit the 
delivery of effective/consistent compressions to the victim, or when 
insufficient EMS personnel are available to provide effective CPR).''
    For clarity, in this final order, FDA has created a separate 
classification regulation for CPR aid devices, 21 CFR 870.5210, instead 
of continuing to include these devices within the ECC classification 
regulation as was originally proposed and how the devices were 
originally cleared for marketing authorization. In making this 
decision, FDA considered a comment received on the proposed order that 
supported creating a separate identity for CPR aid devices because 
their intended uses and technological characteristics are distinct from 
ECC devices. Additionally, the creation of a separate classification 
regulation for CPR aid devices allows for further clarification of the 
exemption from the premarket notification procedures for certain 
devices. The new classification regulation for CPR aid devices in this 
final order includes the same special controls that were included in 
the 2013 proposed order; however, FDA has divided the CPR aid 
identification into devices that provide feedback to the rescuer and 
those that do not. Devices that do not provide feedback have been 
reclassified into class I, based upon the ability of general controls 
to sufficiently mitigate the risks to health and demonstrate a 
reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness of these devices, 
whereas devices that do provide feedback are reclassified into class II 
as originally proposed, based upon the additional need for special 
controls, in

[[Page 33133]]

combination with general controls, to sufficiently mitigate the risks 
to health and demonstrate a reasonable assurance of safety and 
effectiveness of these devices.
    In response to the input of the Panel, FDA also made refinements to 
the proposed special controls. FDA added special controls requirements 
for automated ECC devices, including performance testing of the time 
necessary to deploy the device and additional labeling requirements 
that include: (1) Prominent display of adjunctive-only use of the 
device, (2) labeling of the expected deployment time, and (3) labeling 
limitations on patient population/size (e.g., adult, pediatric, infant) 
for use of the device. FDA also added the labeling requirement 
regarding limitations on patient population/size for the CPR aid 
devices and modified the language for the human factors special 
controls to read: ``Human factors testing and analysis must validate 
that the device design and labeling are sufficient for the intended 
user.''
    Section 510(m) of the FD&C Act provides that FDA may exempt a class 
II device from the premarket notification requirements under section 
510(k) of the FD&C Act if FDA determines that premarket notification is 
not necessary to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and 
effectiveness of the devices. FDA has determined that premarket 
notification is necessary to provide reasonable assurance of safety and 
effectiveness of ECC devices, and therefore, this device type is not 
exempt from premarket notification requirements. However, FDA has 
determined that premarket notification is not necessary for some class 
II CPR aid devices. FDA modified the criteria for exemption from 
section 510(k) for CPR aid devices with feedback from the originally 
proposed ``if it is a prescription use device that provides feedback to 
the rescuer consistent with the current AHA Guidelines for 
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science 
in compliance'' to ``if it does not contain software (e.g., is 
mechanical or electro-mechanical).''
    Following the effective date of this final order, firms marketing 
an ECC device or CPR aid device with feedback must comply with the 
applicable mitigation measures set forth in the codified special 
controls (see section VII). Manufacturers of ECC devices and CPR aid 
devices with feedback that have not been legally marketed prior to the 
effective date of the final order, or models (if any) that have been 
legally marketed but are required to submit a new 510(k) under 21 CFR 
807.81(a)(3) because the device is about to be significantly changed or 
modified, must obtain 510(k) clearance and demonstrate compliance with 
the special controls included in the final order, before marketing the 
new or changed device.

V. Analysis of Environmental Impact

    The Agency has determined under 21 CFR 25.34(b) that this action is 
of a type that does not individually or cumulatively have a significant 
effect on the human environment. Therefore, neither an environmental 
assessment nor an environmental impact statement is required.

VI. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

    This final order refers to currently approved collections of 
information found in FDA regulations. These collections of information 
are subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520). The 
collections of information in 21 CFR part 812 have been approved under 
OMB control number 0910-0078; the collections of information in 21 CFR 
part 814, subpart B, are approved under OMB control number 0910-0231; 
the collections of information in 21 CFR part 807, subpart E, have been 
approved under OMB control number 0910-0120; and the collections of 
information under 21 CFR part 801 have been approved under OMB control 
number 0910-0485.

VII. Codification of Orders

    Prior to the amendments by FDASIA, section 513(e) of the FD&C Act 
provided for FDA to issue regulations to reclassify devices. Although 
section 513(e) as amended requires FDA to issue final orders rather 
than regulations, FDASIA also provides for FDA to revoke previously 
issued regulations by order. FDA will continue to codify 
classifications and reclassifications in the Code of Federal 
Regulations (CFR). Changes resulting from final orders will appear in 
the CFR as changes to codified classification determinations or as 
newly codified orders. Therefore, under section 513(e)(1)(A)(i) of the 
FD&C Act, as amended by FDASIA, in this final order, we are revoking 
the requirements in 21 CFR 870.5200 related to the classification of 
ECCs as class III devices and codifying the reclassification of ECCs 
into class II (special controls) and also codifying in 21 CFR 870.5210 
the reclassification of CPR Aid devices with feedback into class II 
(special controls) and CPR Aid devices without feedback into class I 
(general controls).

VIII. References

    The following references are on display in the Division of Dockets 
Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, 
Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852, and are available for viewing by 
interested persons between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday; 
they are also available electronically at http://www.regulations.gov. 
FDA has verified the Web site addresses, as of the date this document 
publishes in the Federal Register, but Web sites are subject to change 
over time.

1. Field, J.M., M.F. Hazinski, M.R. Sayre, et al., ``Part 1: 
Executive Summary: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for 
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care,'' 
Circulation, 122:S640-S656, 2010, available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/122/18_suppl_3.toc.
2. The Circulatory System Devices Panel of the Medical Devices 
Advisory Committee Meeting (September 11-12, 2013) transcript, 
executive summary, and other meeting materials are available on 
FDA's Web site at http://www.fda.gov/advisorycommittees/calendar/ucm364767.htm.

List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 870

    Medical devices.

    Therefore, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and under 
authority delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, 21 CFR part 
870 is amended as follows:

PART 870--CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES

0
1. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 870 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 21 U.S.C. 351, 360, 360c, 360e, 360j, 371.


0
2. Revise Sec.  870.5200 to read as follows:


Sec.  870.5200  External cardiac compressor.

    (a) Identification. An external cardiac compressor is an externally 
applied prescription device that is electrically, pneumatically, or 
manually powered and is used to compress the chest periodically in the 
region of the heart to provide blood flow during cardiac arrest. 
External cardiac compressor devices are used as an adjunct to manual 
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when effective manual CPR is not 
possible (e.g., during patient transport or extended CPR when fatigue 
may prohibit the delivery of effective/consistent compressions to the 
victim, or when insufficient EMS personnel are available to provide 
effective CPR).

[[Page 33134]]

    (b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special 
controls for this device are:
    (1) Nonclinical performance testing under simulated physiological 
conditions must demonstrate the reliability of the delivery of specific 
compression depth and rate over the intended duration of use.
    (2) Labeling must include the following:
    (i) The clinical training necessary for the safe use of this 
device;
    (ii) Adjunctive use only indication prominently displayed on labels 
physically placed on the device and in any device manuals or other 
labeling;
    (iii) Information on the patient population for which the device 
has been demonstrated to be effective (including patient size and/or 
age limitations, e.g., adult, pediatric and/or infant); and
    (iv) Information on the time necessary to deploy the device as 
demonstrated in the performance testing.
    (3) For devices that incorporate electrical components, appropriate 
analysis and testing must demonstrate that the device is electrically 
safe and electromagnetically compatible in its intended use 
environment.
    (4) Human factors testing and analysis must validate that the 
device design and labeling are sufficient for effective use by the 
intended user, including an evaluation for the time necessary to deploy 
the device.
    (5) For devices containing software, software verification, 
validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.
    (6) Components of the device that come into human contact must be 
demonstrated to be biocompatible.

0
3. Add Sec.  870.5210 to subpart F to read as follows:


Sec.  870.5210  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) aid.

    (a) CPR aid without feedback--(1) Identification. A CPR aid without 
feedback is a device that performs a simple function such as proper 
hand placement and/or simple prompting for rate and/or timing of 
compressions/breathing for the professionally trained rescuer, but 
offers no feedback related to the quality of the CPR being provided. 
These devices are intended for use by persons professionally trained in 
CPR to assure proper use and the delivery of optimal CPR to the victim.
    (2) Classification. Class I (general controls). The device is 
exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 
807 of this chapter subject to the limitations in Sec.  870.9.
    (b) CPR aid with feedback--(1) Identification. A CPR Aid device 
with feedback is a device that provides real-time feedback to the 
rescuer regarding the quality of CPR being delivered to the victim, and 
provides either audio and/or visual information to encourage the 
rescuer to continue the consistent application of effective manual CPR 
in accordance with current accepted CPR guidelines (to include, but not 
be limited to, parameters such as compression rate, compression depth, 
ventilation, recoil, instruction for one or multiple rescuers, etc.). 
These devices may also perform a coaching function to aid rescuers in 
the sequence of steps necessary to perform effective CPR on a victim.
    (2) Classification. Class II (special controls). The special 
controls for this device are:
    (i) Nonclinical performance testing under simulated physiological 
or use conditions must demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the 
feedback to the user on specific compression rate, depth and/or 
respiration over the intended duration, and environment of use.
    (ii) Labeling must include the clinical training, if needed, for 
the safe use of this device and information on the patient population 
for which the device has been demonstrated to be effective (including 
patient size and/or age limitations, e.g., adult, pediatric and/or 
infant).
    (iii) For devices that incorporate electrical components, 
appropriate analysis and testing must demonstrate that the device is 
electrically safe and electromagnetically compatible in its intended 
use environment.
    (iv) For devices containing software, software verification, 
validation, and hazard analysis must be performed.
    (v) Components of the device that come into human contact must be 
demonstrated to be biocompatible.
    (vi) Human factors testing and analysis must validate that the 
device design and labeling are sufficient for effective use by the 
intended user.
    (3) Premarket notification. The CPR Aid with feedback device is 
exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 
807 of this chapter if it does not contain software (e.g., is 
mechanical or electro-mechanical) and is in compliance with the special 
controls under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, subject to the 
limitations of exemptions in Sec.  870.9.

    Dated: May 20, 2016.
Leslie Kux,
Associate Commissioner for Policy.
[FR Doc. 2016-12333 Filed 5-24-16; 8:45 am]
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                                           33128             Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 101 / Wednesday, May 25, 2016 / Rules and Regulations

                                           needs. Any Operating Authorization                           5. The ARO receives and processes all             DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND
                                           that is withdrawn or temporarily                          reservation requests. Reservations are               HUMAN SERVICES
                                           suspended will, if reallocated, be                        assigned on a ‘‘first-come, first-served’’
                                           reallocated to the air carrier from which                 basis, determined as of the time that the            Food and Drug Administration
                                           it was taken, provided that the air                       ARO receives the request. A
                                           carrier continues to operate scheduled                    cancellation of any reservation that will            21 CFR Part 870
                                           service at LaGuardia.                                     not be used as assigned would be                     [Docket No. FDA–2012–N–1173]
                                              9. The FAA will enforce the final                      required.
                                           Order through an enforcement action                                                                            Cardiovascular Devices;
                                           seeking a civil penalty under 49 U.S.C.                      6. Filing a request for a reservation
                                                                                                                                                          Reclassification of External Cardiac
                                           46301(a). An air carrier that is not a                    does not constitute the filing of an
                                                                                                                                                          Compressor; Reclassification of
                                           small business as defined in the Small                    instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan,
                                                                                                                                                          Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Aids
                                           Business Act, 15 U.S.C. 632, would be                     as separately required by regulation.
                                           liable for a civil penalty of up to $25,000               After the reservation is obtained, an IFR            AGENCY:   Food and Drug Administration,
                                           for every day that it violates the limits                 flight plan can be filed. The IFR flight             HHS.
                                           set forth in the final Order. An air                      plan must include the reservation                    ACTION:   Final order.
                                           carrier that is a small business as                       number in the ‘‘remarks’’ section.
                                           defined in the Small Business Act                                                                              SUMMARY:    The Food and Drug
                                                                                                        7. Air Traffic Control will
                                           would be liable for a civil penalty of up                                                                      Administration (FDA) is issuing a final
                                                                                                     accommodate declared emergencies
                                           to $10,000 for every day that it violates                                                                      order to reclassify external cardiac
                                                                                                     without regard to reservations.                      compressors (ECC) (under FDA product
                                           the limits set forth in the final Order.                  Nonemergency flights in direct support
                                           The FAA also could file a civil action                                                                         code DRM), a preamendments class III
                                                                                                     of national security, law enforcement,               device, into class II (special controls).
                                           in U.S. District Court, under 49 U.S.C.
                                                                                                     military aircraft operations, or public              FDA is also creating a separate
                                           46106, 46107, seeking to enjoin any air
                                                                                                     use aircraft operations will be                      classification regulation for a subgroup
                                           carrier from violating the terms of the
                                                                                                     accommodated above the reservation                   of devices previously included within
                                           final Order.
                                                                                                     limits with the prior approval of the                this classification regulation, to be
                                           B. Unscheduled Operations: 15                             Vice President, System Operations                    called cardiopulmonary resuscitation
                                             With respect to unscheduled flight                      Services, Air Traffic Organization.                  (CPR) aids, and reclassifying these
                                           operations at LaGuardia, the FAA                          Procedures for obtaining the appropriate             devices from class III to class II for CPR
                                           adopts the following:                                     reservation for such flights are available           aids with feedback and to class I for CPR
                                             1. The final order applies to all                       via the Internet at http://                          aids without feedback.
                                           operators of unscheduled flights, except                  www.fly.faa.gov/ecvrs.                               DATES: This order is effective on May
                                           helicopter operations, at LaGuardia from                     8. Notwithstanding the limits in                  25, 2016.
                                           6 a.m. through 9:59 p.m., Eastern Time,                   paragraph 4, if the Air Traffic                      FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
                                           Monday through Friday and from 12                         Organization determines that air traffic             Hina Pinto, Center for Devices and
                                           noon through 9:59 p.m., Eastern Time,                     control, weather, and capacity                       Radiological Health, 10903 New
                                           Sunday.                                                                                                        Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 66, Rm. 1652,
                                                                                                     conditions are favorable and significant
                                             2. The final Order takes effect on                                                                           Silver Spring, MD 20993, 301–796–
                                           January 1, 2007, and will expire on                       delay is not likely, the FAA can
                                                                                                     accommodate additional reservations                  6351, hina.pinto@fda.hhs.gov.
                                           October 27, 2018.
                                                                                                     over a specific period. Unused operating             SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
                                             3. No person can operate an aircraft
                                           other than a helicopter to or from                        authorizations can also be temporarily               I. Background—Regulatory Authorities
                                           LaGuardia unless the operator has                         made available for unscheduled
                                                                                                     operations. Reservations for additional                 The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
                                           received, for that unscheduled
                                                                                                     operations are obtained through the                  Act (the FD&C Act), as amended by the
                                           operation, a reservation that is assigned
                                                                                                     ARO.                                                 Medical Device Amendments of 1976
                                           by the David J. Hurley Air Traffic
                                                                                                                                                          (the 1976 amendments) (Pub. L. 94–
                                           Control System Command Center’s                              9. Reservations cannot be bought,                 295), the Safe Medical Devices Act of
                                           Airport Reservation Office (ARO).                         sold, or leased.                                     1990 (Pub. L. 101–629), the Food and
                                           Additional information on procedures
                                                                                                       Issued in Washington, DC, on May 18,               Drug Administration Modernization Act
                                           for obtaining a reservation will be
                                                                                                     2016.                                                of 1997 (Pub. L. 105–115), the Medical
                                           available via the Internet at http://
                                                                                                     Daniel E. Smiley,                                    Device User Fee and Modernization Act
                                           www.fly.faa.gov/ecvrs.
                                             4. Three (3) reservations are available                 Vice President, System Operations Services.
                                                                                                                                                          of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–250), the Medical
                                           per hour for unscheduled operations at                                                                         Devices Technical Corrections Act (Pub.
                                                                                                     [FR Doc. 2016–12220 Filed 5–24–16; 8:45 am]
                                           LaGuardia. The ARO will assign                                                                                 L. 108–214), the Food and Drug
                                                                                                     BILLING CODE 4910–13–P                               Administration Amendments Act of
                                           reservations on a 30-minute basis.
                                                                                                                                                          2007 (Pub. L. 110–85), and the Food and
                                             15 Unscheduled operations are operations other                                                               Drug Administration Safety and
                                           than those regularly conducted by an air carrier                                                               Innovation Act (FDASIA) (Pub. L. 112–
                                           between LaGuardia and another service point.                                                                   144), among other amendments,
                                           Unscheduled operations include general aviation,                                                               established a comprehensive system for
                                           public aircraft, military, charter, ferry, and
                                                                                                                                                          the regulation of medical devices
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                                           positioning flights. Helicopter operations are
                                           excluded from the reservation requirement.                                                                     intended for human use. Section 513 of
                                           Reservations for unscheduled flights operating                                                                 the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 360c)
                                           under visual flight rules (VFR) are granted when the                                                           established three categories (classes) of
                                           aircraft receives clearance from air traffic control to
                                           land or depart LaGuardia. Reservations for
                                                                                                                                                          devices, reflecting the regulatory
                                           unscheduled VFR flights are not included in the                                                                controls needed to provide reasonable
                                           limits for unscheduled operators.                                                                              assurance of their safety and


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                                                            Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 101 / Wednesday, May 25, 2016 / Rules and Regulations                                          33129

                                           effectiveness. The three categories of                  can initiate a reclassification under                 513(e)(1) of the FD&C Act. As explained
                                           devices are class I (general controls),                 section 513(e) or an interested person                further in section III, a meeting of a
                                           class II (special controls), and class III              may petition FDA to reclassify a                      device classification panel (the Panel)
                                           (premarket approval).                                   preamendments device. The term ‘‘new                  described in section 513(b) of the FD&C
                                              Under section 513(d) of the FD&C Act,                information,’’ as used in section 513(e)              Act took place on September 11, 2013,
                                           devices that were in commercial                         of the FD&C Act, includes information                 to discuss whether ECC devices,
                                           distribution before the enactment of the                developed as a result of a reevaluation               including CPR aids, should be
                                           1976 amendments, May 28, 1976                           of the data before the Agency when the                reclassified or remain in class III. The
                                           (generally referred to as preamendments                 device was originally classified, as well             Panel recommended that ECC and CPR
                                           devices), are classified after FDA has: (1)             as information not presented, not                     aid devices with feedback be
                                           Received a recommendation from a                        available, or not developed at that time.             reclassified into class II because there
                                           device classification panel (an FDA                     (See, e.g., Holland-Rantos Co. v. U.S.                was sufficient information to establish
                                           advisory committee); (2) published the                  Dep’t of Health, Educ. & Welfare, 587                 special controls to provide a reasonable
                                           panel’s recommendation for comment                      F.2d 1173, 1174 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1978);                 assurance of safety and effectiveness.
                                           by interested persons, along with a                     Upjohn Co. v. Finch, 422 F.2d 944 (6th                The Panel further recommended that
                                           proposed regulation classifying the                     Cir. 1970); Bell v. Goddard, 366 F.2d                 CPR aid devices without feedback be
                                           device; and (3) published a final                       177 (7th Cir. 1966).)                                 reclassified into class I because general
                                           regulation classifying the device. FDA                    Reevaluation of the data previously                 controls are sufficient to provide a
                                           has classified most preamendments                       before the Agency is an appropriate                   reasonable assurance of safety and
                                           devices under these procedures.                         basis for subsequent action where the                 effectiveness. FDA received and has
                                              Devices that were not in commercial                  reevaluation is made in light of newly                considered four comments on the
                                           distribution prior to May 28, 1976                      available authority (see Bell, 366 F.2d at            proposed order as discussed in section
                                           (generally referred to as                               181; Ethicon, Inc. v. FDA, 762 F. Supp.               II.
                                           postamendments devices), are                            382, 388–91 (D.D.C. 1991)), or in light
                                           automatically classified by section                     of changes in ‘‘medical science’’                     II. Public Comments in Response to the
                                           513(f) of the FD&C Act into class III                   (Upjohn, 422 F.2d at 951). Whether data               Proposed Order
                                           without any FDA rulemaking process.                     before the Agency are old or new data,                   In response to the January 8, 2013,
                                           Those devices remain in class III and                   the ‘‘new information’’ to support                    proposed order to reclassify external
                                           require premarket approval unless, and                  reclassification under section 513(e)                 cardiac compressors (including CPR aid
                                           until, the device is reclassified into class            must be ‘‘valid scientific evidence,’’ as             devices), FDA received four comments.
                                           I or II, or FDA issues an order finding                 defined in section 513(a)(3) of the FD&C              Two comments submitted were
                                           the device to be substantially                          Act and § 860.7(c)(2) (21 CFR                         supportive of the proposed
                                           equivalent, in accordance with section                  860.7(c)(2)). (See, e.g., Gen. Med. Co. v.            reclassification of the devices, citing,
                                           513(i) of the FD&C Act, to a predicate                  FDA, 770 F.2d 214 (D.C. Cir. 1985);                   among other things, their safe history of
                                           device that does not require premarket                  Contact Lens Mfrs. Ass’n v. FDA, 766                  use and the need for such devices in
                                           approval. The Agency determines                         F.2d 592 (D.C. Cir. 1985), cert. denied,              situations with inadequate access to
                                           whether new devices are substantially                   474 U.S. 1062 (1986).)                                professionally trained rescuers.
                                           equivalent to predicate devices by                        FDA relies upon ‘‘valid scientific                     (Comment 1) One comment disagreed
                                           means of premarket notification                         evidence’’ in the classification process              with FDA’s proposal to reclassify ECC
                                           procedures in section 510(k) of the                     to determine the level of regulation for              devices and sought a proposed order
                                           FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 360(k)) and 21 CFR                  devices. To be considered in the                      confirming their status as class III
                                           part 807.                                               reclassification process, the ‘‘valid                 devices and requiring PMAs with data
                                              A preamendments device that has                      scientific evidence’’ upon which the                  from well-controlled clinical trials to
                                           been classified into class III and devices              Agency relies must be publicly                        ensure that these devices are safe and
                                           found substantially equivalent by means                 available. Publicly available information             effective. The comment stated that the
                                           of premarket notification (510(k))                      excludes trade secret and/or                          life-sustaining nature of the device
                                           procedures to such a preamendments                      confidential commercial information,                  along with equivocal existing clinical
                                           device or to a device within that type                  e.g., the contents of a pending PMA.                  evidence, including data indicating that
                                           (both the preamendments and                             (See section 520(c) of the FD&C Act (21               use of ECC may result in neurological
                                           substantially equivalent devices are                    U.S.C. 360j(c)).)                                     outcomes more severe than manual
                                           referred to as preamendments class III                    Section 513(e)(1) of the FD&C Act sets              CPR, would support keeping the device
                                           devices) may be marketed without                        forth the process for issuing a final                 in class III. The comment stated that
                                           submission of a premarket approval                      reclassification order. Specifically, prior           classification of ECCs should be
                                           application (PMA) until FDA issues a                    to the issuance of a final order                      reviewed by a device classification
                                           final order under section 515(b) of the                 reclassifying a device, the following                 panel. The comment further suggested
                                           FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 360e(b)) requiring                  must occur: (1) Publication of a                      that the risks to health identified in the
                                           premarket approval or until the device                  proposed order in the Federal Register;               proposed order should include death
                                           is subsequently reclassified into class I               (2) a meeting of a device classification              and neurological damage, and that there
                                           or class II.                                            panel described in section 513(b) of the              are existing data that use of the ECC
                                              On July 9, 2012, FDASIA was enacted.                 FD&C Act; and (3) consideration of                    device or device malfunction can delay
                                           Section 608(a) of FDASIA amended                        comments to a public docket. FDA                      the start of compressions and that
                                           section 513(e) of the FD&C Act,                         published a proposed order to reclassify              professional first-responders often use
                                           changing the mechanism for                              this device in the Federal Register of                the device improperly.
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                                           reclassifying a device from rulemaking                  January 8, 2013 (78 FR 1162). FDA has                    (Response) FDA disagrees with the
                                           to an administrative order.                             held a meeting of a device classification             comment. FDA acknowledges that the
                                              Section 513(e) of the FD&C Act                       panel described in section 513(b) of the              data on the use of ECC devices as a
                                           provides that FDA may, by                               FD&C Act with respect to ECC devices,                 replacement to effective manual CPR are
                                           administrative order, reclassify a device               including CPR aids, and therefore, has                equivocal; however, the proposed order
                                           based upon ‘‘new information.’’ FDA                     met this requirement under section                    recommended reclassification of the


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                                           33130            Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 101 / Wednesday, May 25, 2016 / Rules and Regulations

                                           device as an adjunct to manual CPR. In                  a health risk associated with these                   modified the criteria for exemption of
                                           this final order, FDA has further refined               devices. However, as discussed in                     these devices from premarket
                                           the identification for the device in 21                 section III, death and neurological                   notification, and such exemption is no
                                           CFR 870.5200 to include ‘‘as an adjunct                 damage are outcomes already covered                   longer tied to prescription use as
                                           to manual cardiopulmonary                               by the identified risks of ‘‘ineffective              compared to over-the-counter use.
                                           resuscitation (CPR) when effective                      compressions.’’                                          FDA disagrees, in part, with the
                                           manual CPR is not possible (e.g., during                  (Response) FDA’s presentation to the                comment related to the classification of
                                           patient transport, extended CPR when                    Panel also included a review of adverse               the CPR aid devices. Although, FDA
                                           fatigue may prohibit the delivery of                    events. This review did not reveal a                  agrees that the risks associated with CPR
                                           effective/consistent compressions to the                significant number of adverse events                  aid devices without feedback can be
                                           victim, or when insufficient EMS                        associated with device malfunction or                 adequately mitigated with general
                                           personnel are available to provide                      improper use, given the usage of these                controls, FDA has determined that CPR
                                           effective CPR).’’ FDA is only                           devices over more than a decade (e.g.,                aid devices with feedback require
                                           reclassifying into class II the ECC                     88 adverse event reports over a 12-year               special controls. FDA did consider
                                           devices indicated for use when effective                period, with 33 of the 88 malfunctions                whether it was more appropriate to
                                           manual CPR compressions cannot                          occurring in 1 year—2012—which can                    evaluate the technology contained
                                           otherwise be provided by the rescuer. In                be attributed to an increase in reported              within CPR aid devices and consider
                                           this final order, FDA has further revised               problems for one particular device that               appropriate regulatory controls based on
                                           the device identification and the                       eventually resulted in a recall).                     technological characteristics, as
                                           labeling special controls (see section IV)              Additionally, these issues are also                   opposed to prescription-use and
                                           to clarify this intended use.                           adequately addressed with the                         compliance with CPR guidelines as was
                                              It is well-established in the clinical               implementation of special controls                    originally proposed. FDA determined
                                           community that CPR, including                           related to performance data, labeling on              that based on technological complexity,
                                           effective compressions, is critical to                  appropriate use, and general controls,                some CPR aid devices could be
                                           improve the chances of survival for a                   including good manufacturing practices.               appropriately regulated in class I
                                           victim of sudden cardiac arrest (Ref. 1).               The Panel also reached consensus in                   (general controls) and class II (special
                                           In such circumstances when effective                    support of the special controls, and FDA              controls). CPR aid devices can be
                                           manual CPR compressions cannot be                       has modified the special controls in                  appropriately regulated as follows: (1)
                                           provided by the rescuer, use of an ECC                  response to certain concerns expressed                CPR aid devices without feedback are
                                           device that has been demonstrated to                    by the Panel, including concerns related              reclassified into class I, (2) CPR aid
                                           provide compressions consistent with                    to potential for use of the ECC device to             devices with feedback, but without
                                           the American Heart Association’s (AHA)                  delay CPR (see section III).                          software are reclassified into class II,
                                           ‘‘Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary                          (Comment 3) One comment suggested                   exempt from submission of a 510(k),
                                           Resuscitation and Emergency                             that CPR aid devices should be                        and (3) CPR aid devices with feedback
                                           Cardiovascular Care’’ is warranted (Ref.                identified separately from ECC devices,               with software are reclassified into class
                                           1). Although controlled clinical trials for             and that CPR aid devices that provide                 II (special controls), not exempt from
                                           adjunctive use might be difficult to                    feedback solely on compression should                 510(k). Further, FDA notes that design
                                           conduct because denying use of an ECC                   be defined separately from other CPR                  controls under 21 CFR 820.30 would
                                           device on patients in the ‘‘control’’ arm               aid devices that provide feedback on                  apply to all CPR aid devices with
                                           could decrease their chance for survival,               additional CPR parameters, such as                    software.
                                           it is well established that chest                       ventilation. The comment further                         This final order, therefore, now
                                           compressions are crucial to maintaining                 suggested that CPR aid devices should                 divides CPR aid devices into those
                                           perfusion and that compressions of                      be made widely available (e.g., ‘‘over-               without feedback (class I) or with
                                           adequate rate and depth are necessary to                the-counter’’) and are low-risk devices               feedback (class II). This approach was
                                           increase the probability of survival in                 that should be exempt from premarket                  presented to and supported by the Panel
                                           victims of sudden cardiac arrest (Ref. 1).              notification (510(k)). The comment                    (see section III). CPR aid devices that do
                                           As such, FDA believes that these                        noted that the risks to health described              not provide feedback (e.g., hand
                                           devices, when indicated for use as an                   in the proposed order as well as the                  positioning aids and ‘‘metronome’’
                                           adjunct to manual CPR during patient                    proposed special controls could instead               devices that provide sounds to prompt
                                           transport or for use in situations where                be covered by general controls,                       the rescuer to deliver compressions at a
                                           fatigue of or inaccessibility to                        including design controls under 21 CFR                rate consistent with CPR guidelines) can
                                           emergency medical personnel may                         part 820, and hence classification of                 be regulated in class I, subject to the
                                           otherwise prevent adequate chest                        these devices into class I was                        general controls and generally exempt
                                           compressions, can be regulated as class                 appropriate.                                          from premarket notification (subject to
                                           II devices. These devices should not be                   (Response) FDA agrees, in part, with                the limitations of exemption contained
                                           used as a replacement for manual CPR.                   the comment. FDA agrees that CPR aid                  in § 870.9 (21 CFR 870.9)). FDA
                                              FDA presented a modified ECC device                  devices are distinct in intended use and              continues to believe that CPR aid
                                           identification and the available                        technology when compared to devices                   devices that do provide feedback to the
                                           scientific evidence to a device                         that automatically deliver compressions.              rescuer (e.g., devices that sit on the
                                           classification panel that reached                       In this final order, FDA has separated                patient’s chest, underneath the hands of
                                           consensus in support of FDA’s proposal                  CPR aid devices into a separate                       the rescuer, to provide feedback on
                                           for reclassification (see section III). FDA             classification regulation, 21 CFR                     compression rate/depth/etc., or devices
                                           also presented the risks to health to the               870.5210 (see section VI). FDA also                   that provide prompts to the rescuer on
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                                           Panel, and there was consensus support                  agrees that availability of these devices             appropriate CPR sequence) require
                                           by the Panel of the risks as originally                 over-the-counter is appropriate in                    special controls, in combination with
                                           identified.                                             certain instances when the devices are                general controls, to provide a reasonable
                                              (Comment 2) This comment also                        adequately designed and provided with                 assurance of safety and effectiveness.
                                           states that FDA failed to properly                      adequate labeling on appropriate use.                 FDA acknowledges that some of the
                                           consider death or neurological injury as                As discussed in this document, FDA has                specified performance testing and other


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                                                            Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 101 / Wednesday, May 25, 2016 / Rules and Regulations                                          33131

                                           special controls requirements will be                   classification strategy for CPR aid                   guidelines. The AHA guidelines on
                                           managed as part of a manufacturer’s                     devices. There was significant panel                  cardiopulmonary resuscitation and
                                           design control process; however, FDA                    deliberation on reclassification of the               emergency cardiovascular care state that
                                           disagrees that the general requirements                 automated ECC devices that deliver                    ‘‘real-time CPR prompting and feedback
                                           to conform to design controls                           compressions. The Panel expressed                     technology such as visual and auditory
                                           requirements under 21 CFR 820.30 are                    concern regarding the limited available               prompting devices can improve the
                                           sufficient to ensure that manufacturers                 clinical evidence for these devices.                  quality of CPR’’ (Ref. 1). CPR aid devices
                                           will perform the tests and other                        Based on the definition of valid                      are intended to encourage the rescuer to
                                           requirements that are necessary as                      scientific evidence in § 860.7(c)(2),                 perform consistent and optimal CPR
                                           specifically identified in the special                  which allows for ‘‘reports of significant             over the duration of needed therapy.
                                           controls.                                               human experience with a marketed
                                              FDA further determined that due to                                                                            FDA also presented the risks to health
                                                                                                   device, from which it can fairly and                  to the Panel, and the Panel reached
                                           their simple and well-understood                        responsibly be concluded by qualified
                                           technological characteristics, exemption                                                                      consensus in supporting the risks as
                                                                                                   experts that there is a reasonable                    originally identified with the following
                                           from premarket notification (510(k)) is                 assurance of the safety and effectiveness
                                           appropriate for mechanical or electro-                                                                        comments: (1) The risks identified for
                                                                                                   of a device under its conditions of use’’             CPR aid devices should also include the
                                           mechanical CPR aid devices that                         and the wide clinical knowledge base
                                           provide feedback (e.g., devices that                                                                          same risks as identified for the ECC
                                                                                                   supporting that effective CPR (including              devices because a CPR aid device that
                                           utilize bladders and pressure gauges to                 compressions) optimize the chance for
                                           provide feedback on compression                                                                               provides incorrect feedback can result
                                                                                                   survival of victims of cardiac arrest, the            in similar risks as the ECC devices, and
                                           depth), when such devices comply with                   Panel consensus was that it was
                                           the special controls and subject to the                                                                       (2) death and neurologic injury are not
                                                                                                   appropriate to reclassify these devices               specifically identified in the ECC risks.
                                           limitations of exemption contained in                   for adjunctive use (e.g., in situations
                                           § 870.9. However, devices that contain                                                                        FDA considered the Panel’s input
                                                                                                   where a rescuer cannot provide effective              related to the risks of the device and
                                           software have complex and evolving                      manual compressions). The Panel
                                           levels of visual and audio feedback to                                                                        determined that the originally proposed
                                                                                                   acknowledged that there is insufficient               risks of the devices are appropriate. The
                                           users, warranting continued review                      evidence to conclude that ECC devices
                                           under the 510(k) process.                                                                                     risks to health are those risks directly
                                                                                                   are as effective as manual CPR.                       associated with use of the device. The
                                           III. Deliberations of the Panel                            As discussed at the Panel meeting,                 CPR aid device cannot directly cause
                                              In Session I on September 11, 2013,                  FDA has identified the public health                  tissue damage, bone breakage, etc. and
                                           the Circulatory System Devices Panel                    benefits in using ECC devices (Ref. 2).               these risks are a consequence of the
                                           (the Panel) of the Medical Devices                      Automated ECCs are used by emergency                  application of CPR by a rescuer.
                                           Advisory Committee considered the                       medical personnel to automate chest                   Moreoever, since ‘‘ineffective
                                           proposed reclassification of ECC devices                compressions during CPR. These                        compressions’’ could result in
                                           (Ref. 2). The Panel was asked to provide                devices are typically used in situations              neurological damage and/or death, these
                                           input on the risks to health, safety, and               where extended CPR is required, such                  risks are adequately covered by the
                                           effectiveness of ECC devices and CPR                    as during patient transport or when                   identified risk of ‘‘ineffective
                                           aid devices. The Panel was also asked                   there are an inadequate number of                     compressions.’’
                                           to consider FDA’s proposed premarket                    trained personnel during extended CPR.
                                                                                                   FDA believes that these devices, when                    The Panel also made
                                           regulatory classification strategy for ECC                                                                    recommendations to FDA regarding
                                           and CPR aid devices, which, for CPR aid                 indicated for use as an adjunct to
                                                                                                   manual CPR during patient transport or                additional special controls for ECC and
                                           devices in particular, had been modified                                                                      CPR aid devices including: (1)
                                           based on public comments received on                    for use in situations where fatigue of or
                                                                                                   inaccessibility to emergency medical                  Disclosure of limitations on patient size
                                           the proposed order for ECC devices (see                                                                       and/or use population, (2) controls over
                                           FDA’s Panel Executive Summary, Ref.                     personnel may otherwise prevent
                                                                                                   adequate chest compressions, will serve               the time necessary to deploy the device,
                                           2). The regulatory strategy presented to                                                                      and (3) reinforcing that the ECC device
                                           the Panel included: (1) Reclassification                a public health benefit. In the absence
                                                                                                   of effective chest compressions, death is             is for adjunctive use. FDA agrees with
                                           for ECC devices from class III to class II                                                                    the special control recommendations for
                                           (special controls); (2) reclassification of             a likely outcome.
                                                                                                      CPR aid devices also have public                   ECC devices and has revised the special
                                           CPR aid devices without feedback to
                                                                                                   health benefits because these devices                 controls accordingly; for CPR aid
                                           class I (general controls), with over-the-
                                                                                                   are used to remind emergency medical                  devices, FDA does not believe controls
                                           counter access appropriate if the device
                                                                                                   personnel of appropriate CPR steps and                are necessary during the time needed to
                                           is labeled for professionally trained
                                                                                                   technique and to provide feedback on                  deploy the device since use of these
                                           rescuers; and (3) reclassification of CPR
                                                                                                   the rate and depth of compressions (Ref.              devices would not result in a significant
                                           aid devices with feedback to class II
                                                                                                   2). Specifically, these devices are                   delay in administering CPR.
                                           (special controls), with over-the-counter
                                           access appropriate if human factors                     intended to assist the rescuer in                        After considering input from the
                                           testing demonstrates proper use by the                  providing consistent and effective/                   Panel, FDA has determined that the
                                           intended user identified in the labeling                optimal CPR, and can include                          risks to health identified for ECC and
                                           (professionally trained and/or untrained                instruction, rate, and/or breathing                   CPR aid devices (with and without
                                           lay rescuers).                                          prompts, and real-time feedback                       feedback) can be adequately mitigated
                                              The Panel reached consensus in                       through the duration of CPR and in                    by the special controls as outlined in
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                                           supporting the aforementioned                           accordance with current accepted CPR                  tables 1 to 3.




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                                           33132                Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 101 / Wednesday, May 25, 2016 / Rules and Regulations

                                                                              TABLE 1—RISKS TO HEALTH AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ECC DEVICES
                                                                     Identified risk                                                                         Mitigation measures

                                           Cardiac arrhythmias or electrical shock ......................             • Electrical Safety and Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing (e.g., ISO 60601–1 and
                                                                                                                        ISO 60601–1–2).
                                                                                                                      • Labeling.
                                           Tissue/organ damage ..................................................     • Performance testing, including bench testing.
                                                                                                                      • Software verification/validation/hazards analysis.
                                                                                                                      • Human factors testing and analysis.
                                                                                                                      • Labeling.
                                                                                                                      • Training.
                                           Bone breakage (ribs, sternum) ....................................         • Performance testing, including bench testing.
                                                                                                                      • Software verification/validation/hazards analysis.
                                                                                                                      • Human factors testing and analysis.
                                                                                                                      • Labeling.
                                                                                                                      • Training.
                                           Inadequate blood flow .................................................    • Performance testing, including bench testing.
                                                                                                                      • Software verification/validation/hazards analysis.
                                                                                                                      • Human factors testing and analysis.
                                                                                                                      • Labeling.
                                                                                                                      • Training.
                                           Adverse skin reactions ................................................    • Assessment/use of biocompatible materials.


                                                             TABLE 2—RISKS TO HEALTH AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR CPR AID DEVICES WITH FEEDBACK
                                                                     Identified risk                                                                         Mitigation measures

                                           Suboptimal CPR delivery .............................................      • Performance testing.
                                                                                                                      • For devices that incorporate electrical components, electrical safety and electro-
                                                                                                                        magnetic compatibility testing;
                                                                                                                      • For devices containing software, software verification, validation, and hazard;
                                                                                                                      • Human factors testing and analysis;
                                                                                                                      • Labeling must include clinical training, if needed.
                                           Adverse skin reactions ................................................    • Assessment/use of biocompatible materials.


                                                          TABLE 3—RISKS TO HEALTH AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR CPR AID DEVICES WITHOUT FEEDBACK
                                                                     Identified risk                                                                         Mitigation measures

                                           Suboptimal CPR delivery .............................................      • General Controls
                                                                                                                          Æ Labeling: Intended for use by professionally trained rescuers.
                                                                                                                          Æ Quality system regulation requirements, including design controls for devices that
                                                                                                                            include software.
                                           Adverse skin reactions ................................................    • Assessment/use of biocompatible materials.1
                                              1 Given   the benefit/risk profile, this risk can be adequately mitigated in this patient population by general controls.


                                           IV. The Final Order                                              (e.g., during patient transport or                       separate classification regulation for
                                                                                                            extended CPR when fatigue may                            CPR aid devices allows for further
                                              Under section 513(e) of the FD&C Act,                         prohibit the delivery of effective/                      clarification of the exemption from the
                                           FDA is adopting its findings, in part, as                        consistent compressions to the victim,                   premarket notification procedures for
                                           published in the preamble to the
                                                                                                            or when insufficient EMS personnel are                   certain devices. The new classification
                                           proposed order (78 FR 1162, January 8,
                                                                                                            available to provide effective CPR).’’                   regulation for CPR aid devices in this
                                           2013). FDA has made revisions in this
                                           final order in response to the comments                             For clarity, in this final order, FDA                 final order includes the same special
                                           received (see section II) and the                                has created a separate classification                    controls that were included in the 2013
                                           deliberations of the Panel (see section                          regulation for CPR aid devices, 21 CFR                   proposed order; however, FDA has
                                           III). As published in the proposed order,                        870.5210, instead of continuing to                       divided the CPR aid identification into
                                           FDA is issuing this final order to                               include these devices within the ECC                     devices that provide feedback to the
                                           reclassify ECC (under FDA product code                           classification regulation as was                         rescuer and those that do not. Devices
                                           DRM) from class III to class II and                              originally proposed and how the                          that do not provide feedback have been
                                           establish special controls by revising                           devices were originally cleared for                      reclassified into class I, based upon the
                                           part 870 (21 CFR 870.5200). The                                  marketing authorization. In making this                  ability of general controls to sufficiently
                                           identification for 21 CFR 870.5200 has                           decision, FDA considered a comment                       mitigate the risks to health and
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                                           been revised to specify that these are                           received on the proposed order that                      demonstrate a reasonable assurance of
                                           prescription devices and to clarify that                         supported creating a separate identity                   safety and effectiveness of these devices,
                                           these devices are reclassified only for                          for CPR aid devices because their                        whereas devices that do provide
                                           adjunctive use by changing the                                   intended uses and technological                          feedback are reclassified into class II as
                                           identification to read ‘‘. . . when                              characteristics are distinct from ECC                    originally proposed, based upon the
                                           effective manual CPR is not possible                             devices. Additionally, the creation of a                 additional need for special controls, in


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                                                            Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 101 / Wednesday, May 25, 2016 / Rules and Regulations                                              33133

                                           combination with general controls, to                   new 510(k) under 21 CFR 807.81(a)(3)                  VIII. References
                                           sufficiently mitigate the risks to health               because the device is about to be
                                           and demonstrate a reasonable assurance                                                                          The following references are on
                                                                                                   significantly changed or modified, must
                                           of safety and effectiveness of these                                                                          display in the Division of Dockets
                                                                                                   obtain 510(k) clearance and demonstrate
                                           devices.                                                                                                      Management (HFA–305), Food and Drug
                                                                                                   compliance with the special controls
                                              In response to the input of the Panel,                                                                     Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm.
                                                                                                   included in the final order, before
                                           FDA also made refinements to the                                                                              1061, Rockville, MD 20852, and are
                                                                                                   marketing the new or changed device.
                                           proposed special controls. FDA added                                                                          available for viewing by interested
                                           special controls requirements for                       V. Analysis of Environmental Impact                   persons between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m.,
                                           automated ECC devices, including                                                                              Monday through Friday; they are also
                                                                                                      The Agency has determined under 21                 available electronically at http://
                                           performance testing of the time
                                                                                                   CFR 25.34(b) that this action is of a type            www.regulations.gov. FDA has verified
                                           necessary to deploy the device and
                                           additional labeling requirements that                   that does not individually or                         the Web site addresses, as of the date
                                           include: (1) Prominent display of                       cumulatively have a significant effect on             this document publishes in the Federal
                                           adjunctive-only use of the device, (2)                  the human environment. Therefore,                     Register, but Web sites are subject to
                                           labeling of the expected deployment                     neither an environmental assessment                   change over time.
                                           time, and (3) labeling limitations on                   nor an environmental impact statement                 1. Field, J.M., M.F. Hazinski, M.R. Sayre, et
                                           patient population/size (e.g., adult,                   is required.                                               al., ‘‘Part 1: Executive Summary: 2010
                                           pediatric, infant) for use of the device.               VI. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995                        American Heart Association Guidelines
                                           FDA also added the labeling                                                                                        for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and
                                           requirement regarding limitations on                      This final order refers to currently                     Emergency Cardiovascular Care,’’
                                           patient population/size for the CPR aid                 approved collections of information                        Circulation, 122:S640–S656, 2010,
                                                                                                                                                              available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/
                                           devices and modified the language for                   found in FDA regulations. These                            content/122/18_suppl_3.toc.
                                           the human factors special controls to                   collections of information are subject to             2. The Circulatory System Devices Panel of
                                           read: ‘‘Human factors testing and                       review by the Office of Management and                     the Medical Devices Advisory
                                           analysis must validate that the device                  Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork                           Committee Meeting (September 11–12,
                                           design and labeling are sufficient for the              Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501–                     2013) transcript, executive summary,
                                           intended user.’’                                        3520). The collections of information in                   and other meeting materials are available
                                              Section 510(m) of the FD&C Act                       21 CFR part 812 have been approved                         on FDA’s Web site at http://
                                           provides that FDA may exempt a class                    under OMB control number 0910–0078;                        www.fda.gov/advisorycommittees/
                                           II device from the premarket notification                                                                          calendar/ucm364767.htm.
                                                                                                   the collections of information in 21 CFR
                                           requirements under section 510(k) of the                part 814, subpart B, are approved under               List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 870
                                           FD&C Act if FDA determines that                         OMB control number 0910–0231; the
                                           premarket notification is not necessary                                                                         Medical devices.
                                                                                                   collections of information in 21 CFR
                                           to provide reasonable assurance of the                  part 807, subpart E, have been approved                 Therefore, under the Federal Food,
                                           safety and effectiveness of the devices.                under OMB control number 0910–0120;                   Drug, and Cosmetic Act and under
                                           FDA has determined that premarket                       and the collections of information under              authority delegated to the Commissioner
                                           notification is necessary to provide                    21 CFR part 801 have been approved                    of Food and Drugs, 21 CFR part 870 is
                                           reasonable assurance of safety and                      under OMB control number 0910–0485.                   amended as follows:
                                           effectiveness of ECC devices, and
                                           therefore, this device type is not exempt               VII. Codification of Orders                           PART 870—CARDIOVASCULAR
                                           from premarket notification                                                                                   DEVICES
                                           requirements. However, FDA has                            Prior to the amendments by FDASIA,
                                           determined that premarket notification                  section 513(e) of the FD&C Act provided               ■ 1. The authority citation for 21 CFR
                                           is not necessary for some class II CPR                  for FDA to issue regulations to reclassify            part 870 continues to read as follows:
                                           aid devices. FDA modified the criteria                  devices. Although section 513(e) as
                                                                                                   amended requires FDA to issue final                     Authority: 21 U.S.C. 351, 360, 360c, 360e,
                                           for exemption from section 510(k) for                                                                         360j, 371.
                                           CPR aid devices with feedback from the                  orders rather than regulations, FDASIA
                                           originally proposed ‘‘if it is a                        also provides for FDA to revoke                       ■ 2. Revise § 870.5200 to read as
                                           prescription use device that provides                   previously issued regulations by order.               follows:
                                           feedback to the rescuer consistent with                 FDA will continue to codify
                                                                                                   classifications and reclassifications in              § 870.5200   External cardiac compressor.
                                           the current AHA Guidelines for
                                           Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and                       the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).                  (a) Identification. An external cardiac
                                           Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science                   Changes resulting from final orders will              compressor is an externally applied
                                           in compliance’’ to ‘‘if it does not contain             appear in the CFR as changes to codified              prescription device that is electrically,
                                           software (e.g., is mechanical or electro-               classification determinations or as                   pneumatically, or manually powered
                                           mechanical).’’                                          newly codified orders. Therefore, under               and is used to compress the chest
                                              Following the effective date of this                 section 513(e)(1)(A)(i) of the FD&C Act,              periodically in the region of the heart to
                                           final order, firms marketing an ECC                     as amended by FDASIA, in this final                   provide blood flow during cardiac
                                           device or CPR aid device with feedback                  order, we are revoking the requirements               arrest. External cardiac compressor
                                           must comply with the applicable                         in 21 CFR 870.5200 related to the                     devices are used as an adjunct to
                                           mitigation measures set forth in the                    classification of ECCs as class III devices           manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation
                                           codified special controls (see section                  and codifying the reclassification of                 (CPR) when effective manual CPR is not
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                                           VII). Manufacturers of ECC devices and                  ECCs into class II (special controls) and             possible (e.g., during patient transport
                                           CPR aid devices with feedback that have                 also codifying in 21 CFR 870.5210 the                 or extended CPR when fatigue may
                                           not been legally marketed prior to the                  reclassification of CPR Aid devices with              prohibit the delivery of effective/
                                           effective date of the final order, or                   feedback into class II (special controls)             consistent compressions to the victim,
                                           models (if any) that have been legally                  and CPR Aid devices without feedback                  or when insufficient EMS personnel are
                                           marketed but are required to submit a                   into class I (general controls).                      available to provide effective CPR).


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                                           33134              Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 101 / Wednesday, May 25, 2016 / Rules and Regulations

                                              (b) Classification. Class II (special                  feedback is a device that provides real-              ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
                                           controls). The special controls for this                  time feedback to the rescuer regarding                AGENCY
                                           device are:                                               the quality of CPR being delivered to the
                                              (1) Nonclinical performance testing                    victim, and provides either audio and/                40 CFR Part 52
                                           under simulated physiological                             or visual information to encourage the
                                           conditions must demonstrate the                                                                                 [EPA–R01–OAR–2014–0364; A–1–FRL–
                                                                                                     rescuer to continue the consistent
                                                                                                                                                           9939–63–Region 1]
                                           reliability of the delivery of specific                   application of effective manual CPR in
                                           compression depth and rate over the                       accordance with current accepted CPR                  Air Plan Approval; Connecticut; Sulfur
                                           intended duration of use.                                 guidelines (to include, but not be                    Content of Fuel Oil Burned in
                                              (2) Labeling must include the                          limited to, parameters such as                        Stationary Sources
                                           following:                                                compression rate, compression depth,
                                              (i) The clinical training necessary for                ventilation, recoil, instruction for one or           AGENCY: Environmental Protection
                                           the safe use of this device;                              multiple rescuers, etc.). These devices               Agency (EPA).
                                              (ii) Adjunctive use only indication                    may also perform a coaching function to               ACTION: Direct final rule.
                                           prominently displayed on labels                           aid rescuers in the sequence of steps
                                           physically placed on the device and in                    necessary to perform effective CPR on a               SUMMARY:    The Environmental Protection
                                           any device manuals or other labeling;                     victim.                                               Agency (EPA) is approving a State
                                              (iii) Information on the patient                          (2) Classification. Class II (special              Implementation Plan (SIP) revision
                                           population for which the device has                       controls). The special controls for this              submitted by the State of Connecticut
                                           been demonstrated to be effective                         device are:                                           on April 22, 2014, with supplemental
                                           (including patient size and/or age                           (i) Nonclinical performance testing                submittals on June 18, 2015 and
                                           limitations, e.g., adult, pediatric and/or                under simulated physiological or use                  September 25, 2015. This revision
                                           infant); and                                              conditions must demonstrate the                       establishes sulfur in fuel oil content
                                              (iv) Information on the time necessary                 accuracy and reliability of the feedback              limits for use in stationary sources. In
                                           to deploy the device as demonstrated in                   to the user on specific compression rate,             addition, the submittal includes a
                                           the performance testing.                                  depth and/or respiration over the                     revision to the sampling and emission
                                              (3) For devices that incorporate                                                                             testing methods for the sulfur content in
                                                                                                     intended duration, and environment of
                                           electrical components, appropriate                                                                              liquid fuels. The intended effect of this
                                                                                                     use.
                                           analysis and testing must demonstrate                                                                           action is to approve these requirements
                                                                                                        (ii) Labeling must include the clinical
                                           that the device is electrically safe and                                                                        into the Connecticut SIP. This action is
                                                                                                     training, if needed, for the safe use of
                                           electromagnetically compatible in its                                                                           being taken under the Clean Air Act.
                                                                                                     this device and information on the
                                           intended use environment.                                                                                       DATES: This direct final rule will be
                                              (4) Human factors testing and analysis                 patient population for which the device
                                                                                                     has been demonstrated to be effective                 effective July 25, 2016, unless EPA
                                           must validate that the device design and                                                                        receives adverse comments by June 24,
                                           labeling are sufficient for effective use                 (including patient size and/or age
                                                                                                     limitations, e.g., adult, pediatric and/or            2016. If adverse comments are received,
                                           by the intended user, including an                                                                              EPA will publish a timely withdrawal of
                                           evaluation for the time necessary to                      infant).
                                                                                                        (iii) For devices that incorporate                 the direct final rule in the Federal
                                           deploy the device.                                                                                              Register informing the public that the
                                              (5) For devices containing software,                   electrical components, appropriate
                                                                                                     analysis and testing must demonstrate                 rule will not take effect.
                                           software verification, validation, and
                                           hazard analysis must be performed.                        that the device is electrically safe and              ADDRESSES: Submit your comments,
                                              (6) Components of the device that                      electromagnetically compatible in its                 identified by Docket ID Number EPA–
                                           come into human contact must be                           intended use environment.                             R01–OAR–2014–0364 by one of the
                                           demonstrated to be biocompatible.                            (iv) For devices containing software,              following methods:
                                                                                                     software verification, validation, and                   1. www.regulations.gov: Follow the
                                           ■ 3. Add § 870.5210 to subpart F to read
                                                                                                     hazard analysis must be performed.                    on-line instructions for submitting
                                           as follows:
                                                                                                        (v) Components of the device that                  comments.
                                           § 870.5210       Cardiopulmonary resuscitation            come into human contact must be                          2. Email: arnold.anne@epa.gov.
                                           (CPR) aid.                                                demonstrated to be biocompatible.                        3. Fax: (617) 918–0047.
                                             (a) CPR aid without feedback—(1)                           (vi) Human factors testing and                        4. Mail: Docket Identification Number
                                           Identification. A CPR aid without                         analysis must validate that the device                EPA–R01–OAR–2014–0364, Anne
                                           feedback is a device that performs a                      design and labeling are sufficient for                Arnold, U.S. Environmental Protection
                                           simple function such as proper hand                       effective use by the intended user.                   Agency, EPA New England Regional
                                           placement and/or simple prompting for                        (3) Premarket notification. The CPR                Office, Office of Ecosystem Protection, 5
                                           rate and/or timing of compressions/                       Aid with feedback device is exempt                    Post Office Square—Suite 100, (Mail
                                           breathing for the professionally trained                  from the premarket notification                       code OEP05–2), Boston, MA 02109–
                                           rescuer, but offers no feedback related to                procedures in subpart E of part 807 of                3912.
                                           the quality of the CPR being provided.                    this chapter if it does not contain                      5. Hand Delivery or Courier. Deliver
                                           These devices are intended for use by                     software (e.g., is mechanical or electro-             your comments to: Anne Arnold,
                                           persons professionally trained in CPR to                  mechanical) and is in compliance with                 Manager, Air Quality Planning Unit,
                                           assure proper use and the delivery of                     the special controls under paragraph                  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
                                           optimal CPR to the victim.                                (b)(2) of this section, subject to the                EPA New England Regional Office,
                                             (2) Classification. Class I (general                    limitations of exemptions in § 870.9.                 Office of Ecosystem Protection, 5 Post
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                                           controls). The device is exempt from the                                                                        Office Square—Suite 100, (mail code
                                                                                                       Dated: May 20, 2016.                                OEP05–2), Boston, MA 02109–3912.
                                           premarket notification procedures in
                                           subpart E of part 807 of this chapter                     Leslie Kux,                                           Such deliveries are only accepted
                                           subject to the limitations in § 870.9.                    Associate Commissioner for Policy.                    during the Regional Office’s normal
                                             (b) CPR aid with feedback—(1)                           [FR Doc. 2016–12333 Filed 5–24–16; 8:45 am]           hours of operation. The Regional
                                           Identification. A CPR Aid device with                     BILLING CODE 4164–01–P                                Office’s official hours of business are


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Document Created: 2018-02-07 15:03:31
Document Modified: 2018-02-07 15:03:31
CategoryRegulatory Information
CollectionFederal Register
sudoc ClassAE 2.7:
GS 4.107:
AE 2.106:
PublisherOffice of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration
SectionRules and Regulations
ActionFinal order.
DatesThis order is effective on May 25, 2016.
ContactHina Pinto, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 66, Rm. 1652, Silver Spring, MD 20993, 301-796-6351, [email protected]
FR Citation81 FR 33128 

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