81_FR_63898 81 FR 63718 - Walnuts Grown in California; Increased Assessment Rate

81 FR 63718 - Walnuts Grown in California; Increased Assessment Rate

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Agricultural Marketing Service

Federal Register Volume 81, Issue 180 (September 16, 2016)

Page Range63718-63721
FR Document2016-22249

This proposed rule would implement a recommendation from the California Walnut Board (Board) to increase the assessment rate established for the 2016-17 and subsequent marketing years from $0.0379 to $0.0465 per kernelweight pound of assessable walnuts. The Board locally administers the marketing order and is comprised of growers and handlers of walnuts operating within the area of production. Assessments upon walnut handlers are used by the Board to fund reasonable and necessary expenses of the program. The marketing year begins September 1 and ends August 31. The assessment rate would remain in effect indefinitely unless modified, suspended, or terminated.

Federal Register, Volume 81 Issue 180 (Friday, September 16, 2016)
[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 180 (Friday, September 16, 2016)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 63718-63721]
From the Federal Register Online  [www.thefederalregister.org]
[FR Doc No: 2016-22249]


========================================================================
Proposed Rules
                                                Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of 
the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these 
notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in 
the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.

========================================================================


Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 180 / Friday, September 16, 2016 / 
Proposed Rules

[[Page 63718]]



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Agricultural Marketing Service

7 CFR Part 984

[Doc. No. AMS-SC-16-0062; SC16-984-2 PR]


Walnuts Grown in California; Increased Assessment Rate

AGENCY: Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: This proposed rule would implement a recommendation from the 
California Walnut Board (Board) to increase the assessment rate 
established for the 2016-17 and subsequent marketing years from $0.0379 
to $0.0465 per kernelweight pound of assessable walnuts. The Board 
locally administers the marketing order and is comprised of growers and 
handlers of walnuts operating within the area of production. 
Assessments upon walnut handlers are used by the Board to fund 
reasonable and necessary expenses of the program. The marketing year 
begins September 1 and ends August 31. The assessment rate would remain 
in effect indefinitely unless modified, suspended, or terminated.

DATES: Comments must be received by October 17, 2016.

ADDRESSES: Interested persons are invited to submit written comments 
concerning this proposed rule. Comments must be sent to the Docket 
Clerk, Marketing Order and Agreement Division, Specialty Crops Program, 
AMS, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue SW., STOP 0237, Washington, DC 
20250-0237; Fax: (202) 720-8938; or Internet: http://www.regulations.gov. Comments should reference the document number and 
the date and page number of this issue of the Federal Register and will 
be available for public inspection in the Office of the Docket Clerk 
during regular business hours, or can be viewed at: http://www.regulations.gov. All comments submitted in response to this 
proposed rule will be included in the record and will be made available 
to the public. Please be advised that the identity of the individuals 
or entities submitting the comments will be made public on the internet 
at the address provided above.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Terry Vawter, Senior Marketing 
Specialist, or Jeffrey Smutny, Regional Director, California Marketing 
Field Office, Marketing Order and Agreement Division, Specialty Crops 
Program, AMS, USDA; Telephone: (559) 487-5901, Fax: (559) 487-5906, or 
Email: [email protected] or [email protected].
    Small businesses may request information on complying with this 
regulation by contacting Richard Lower, Marketing Order and Agreement 
Division, Specialty Crops Program, AMS, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue 
SW., STOP 0237, Washington, DC 20250-0237; Telephone: (202) 720-2491, 
Fax: (202) 720-8938, or Email: [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This proposed rule is issued under Marketing 
Order No. 984, as amended (7 CFR part 984), regulating the handling of 
walnuts grown in California, hereinafter referred to as the ``order.'' 
The order is effective under the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act 
of 1937, as amended (7 U.S.C. 601-674), hereinafter referred to as the 
``Act.''
    The Department of Agriculture (USDA) is issuing this proposed rule 
in conformance with Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 13175.
    This proposed rule has been reviewed under Executive Order 12988, 
Civil Justice Reform. Under the order now in effect, California walnut 
handlers are subject to assessments. Funds to administer the order are 
derived from such assessments. It is intended that the assessment rate 
as proposed herein would be applicable to all assessable walnuts 
beginning on September 1, 2016, and continue until amended, suspended, 
or terminated.
    The Act provides that administrative proceedings must be exhausted 
before parties may file suit in court. Under section 608c(15)(A) of the 
Act, any handler subject to an order may file with USDA a petition 
stating that the order, any provision of the order, or any obligation 
imposed in connection with the order is not in accordance with law and 
request a modification of the order or to be exempted therefrom. Such 
handler is afforded the opportunity for a hearing on the petition. 
After the hearing, USDA would rule on the petition. The Act provides 
that the district court of the United States in any district in which 
the handler is an inhabitant, or has his or her principal place of 
business, has jurisdiction to review USDA's ruling on the petition, 
provided an action is filed not later than 20 days after the date of 
the entry of the ruling.
    This proposed rule would increase the assessment rate for the 2016-
17 and subsequent marketing years from $0.0379 to $0.0465 per 
kernelweight pound of assessable walnuts.
    The order provides authority for the Board, with the approval of 
USDA, to formulate an annual budget of expenses and collect assessments 
from handlers to administer the program. All members of the Board, but 
one, are growers and handlers of California walnuts. They are familiar 
with the Board's needs and with the costs for goods and services in 
their local area and are thus in a position to formulate an appropriate 
budget and assessment rate. The assessment rate is formulated and 
discussed in a public meeting. Thus, all directly affected persons have 
an opportunity to participate and provide input.
    For the 2015-16 and subsequent marketing years, the Board 
recommended, and USDA approved, an assessment rate of $0.0379 per 
kernelweight pound of assessable walnuts that would continue in effect 
from year to year unless modified, suspended, or terminated by USDA 
upon recommendation and information submitted by the Board or other 
information available to USDA.
    The Board met on June 9, 2016, and unanimously recommended 2016-17 
expenditures of $23,143,050 and an assessment rate of $0.0465 per 
kernelweight pound of assessable walnuts. In comparison, last year's 
budgeted expenditures were $22,668,980. The assessment rate of $0.0465 
is $0.0086 per pound higher than the rate currently in effect. The 
quantity of assessable walnuts for the 2016-17 marketing year is 
estimated at 553,000 tons inshell or 497,700,000 kernelweight pounds, 
which is the five-year average of walnut production. At

[[Page 63719]]

the recommended higher assessment rate of $0.0465 per kernelweight 
pound, the Board should collect approximately $23,143,050 in assessment 
income, making income and expenses equal. The Board estimates it will 
begin the 2016-17 marketing year with $9,827,284 in their monetary 
reserve, which is well within the requirements of the order.
    The Board noted that sales of California walnuts in the domestic 
market have been declining in recent years, and embarked upon an 
enhanced market development and promotion program that would reverse 
the trend. Noting that making such a commitment for a single year would 
likely not result in long-term gains, they voted to continue such 
market development and promotion programs yet another year. Thus, they 
are maintaining their programs at a level near that of the 2015-16 
marketing year.
    In addition, personnel changes will result in an overlap of duties 
and expenses, as some positions will be added so that experience and 
continuity can be maintained in spite of staff retirements. Thus, 
employee costs are expected to be higher this marketing year. Added to 
that, the implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) 
may result in added costs to the industry, and in some cases, to the 
Board as well. For that reason, the Grades and Standards Committee and 
the Research Committee requested increased budgets.
    The following table compares major budget expenditures recommended 
by the Board for the 2015-16 and 2016-17 marketing years:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Budget expense categories             2015-16         2016-17
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Employee Expenses.......................     $ 1,846,500     $ 2,292,000
Travel/Board Expenses/Annual Audit......         191,000         206,000
Office Expenses.........................         254,000         262,000
Controlled Purchases....................          10,000          10,000
Crop Acreage Survey.....................         100,000               0
Crop Estimate...........................         130,000         130,000
Production Research Director............          94,500         175,000
Production Research.....................       1,700,000       1,800,000
Sustainability Project..................          75,000          75,000
Grades and Standards Research...........         600,000         800,000
Domestic Market Development.............      18,478,440      18,398,040
Reserve for Contingency.................          32,790          59,010
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The assessment rate recommended by the Board was derived by 
dividing anticipated assessment revenue needed by estimated shipments 
of California walnuts certified as merchantable. The 553,000 ton 
(inshell) estimate for merchantable shipments is an average of 
shipments during three prior years. Pursuant to Sec.  984.51(b) of the 
order, this figure is converted to a merchantable kernelweight basis 
using a factor of 0.45 (553,000 tons x 2,000 pounds per ton x 0.45), 
which yields 497,700,000 kernelweight pounds. At $0.0465 per pound, the 
new assessment rate should generate $23,143,050 in assessment income, 
which is equal to estimated expenses.
    Section 984.69 of the order authorizes the Board to carry over 
excess funds into subsequent marketing years as a reserve, provided 
that funds already in the reserve do not exceed approximately two 
years' budgeted expenses. Current reserve funds total $9,827,284 and 
are well within that requirement.
    The proposed assessment rate would continue in effect indefinitely 
unless modified, suspended, or terminated by USDA upon recommendation 
and information submitted by the Board or other available information.
    Although this assessment rate would be effective for an indefinite 
period, the Board would continue to meet prior to or during each 
marketing year to recommend a budget of expenses and consider 
recommendations for modification of the assessment rate. The dates and 
times of Board meetings are available from the Board or USDA. Board 
meetings are open to the public and interested persons may express 
their views at these meetings. USDA would evaluate Board 
recommendations and other available information to determine whether 
modification of the assessment rate is needed. Further rulemaking would 
be undertaken as necessary. The Board's 2016-17 budget and those for 
subsequent marketing years would be reviewed, and, as appropriate, 
approved by USDA.

Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis

    Pursuant to requirements set forth in the Regulatory Flexibility 
Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601-612), the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) 
has considered the economic impact of this proposed rule on small 
entities. Accordingly, AMS has prepared this initial regulatory 
flexibility analysis.
    The purpose of the RFA is to fit regulatory actions to the scale of 
businesses subject to such actions in order that small businesses will 
not be unduly or disproportionately burdened. Marketing orders issued 
pursuant to the Act, and the rules issued thereunder, are unique in 
that they are brought about through group action of essentially small 
entities acting on their own behalf.
    There are approximately 5,700 growers of California walnuts in the 
production area and approximately 90 handlers subject to regulation 
under the order. The Small Business Administration (SBA) defines small 
agricultural businesses (13 CFR 121.201) as those having annual 
receipts of less than $750,000, and small agricultural service firms 
are defined as those having annual receipts of less than $7,500,000.
    According to USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service's 
(NASS's) 2012 Census of Agriculture, approximately 86 percent of 
California's walnut farms were smaller than 100 acres. Further, NASS 
reports that the average yield for 2014 was 1.97 tons per acre, and the 
average price received for 2014 was $3,230 per ton.
    A 100-acre farm with an average yield of 1.97 tons per acre would 
therefore have been expected to produce about 197 tons of walnuts 
during 2014-15 marketing year. At $3,230 per ton, that farm's 
production would have had an approximate value of $636,310. Since 
Census of Agriculture information indicates that the majority of 
California's walnut farms are smaller than 100 acres, it could be 
concluded that the majority of the growers had receipts of less than 
$636,310 in 2014-15, which is well below the SBA threshold of $750,000. 
Thus, the majority of California's walnut growers would be considered 
small growers according to SBA's definition.
    According to information supplied by the Board, approximately two-
thirds of California's walnut handlers shipped

[[Page 63720]]

merchantable walnuts valued under $7,500,000 during the 2014-15 
marketing year, and would, therefore, be considered small businesses 
according to the SBA definition.
    This proposed rule would increase the assessment rate and collected 
from handlers for the 2016-17 and subsequent marketing years from 
$0.0379 to $0.0465 per kernelweight pound of assessable walnuts. The 
Board unanimously recommended 2016-17 expenditures of $23,143,050 and 
an assessment rate of $0.0465 per kernelweight pound of assessable 
walnuts. The proposed assessment rate of $0.0465 is $0.0086 higher than 
the 2015-16 rate. The quantity of assessable walnuts for the 2016-17 
marketing year is estimated at 553,000 tons inshell weight, or 
497,700,000 kernelweight pounds. Thus, the $0.0465 rate should provide 
$23,143,050 in assessment income.
    The increased assessment rate is due to continuing domestic 
marketing and promotion programs, as well as to increased personnel and 
committee expenses. The Board believes that California walnut sales can 
be improved in the domestic market through continued promotional 
activities. In addition, the Grades and Standards and Research 
Committees have asked for additional funds in case the implementation 
of FSMA requires new methods or processes for growing, harvesting, and 
shipping walnuts.
    The major expenses for the 2016-17 marketing year include: 
$2,292,000 for employee expenses; $206,000 for travel, board expenses, 
and annual audit expenses; $262,000 for office expenses; $10,000 for 
controlled purchases; $0 for the crop acreage survey; $130,000 for the 
crop estimate; $175,000 for the salary of the Production Research 
Director; $1,800,000 for production research; $75,000 for 
sustainability; $800,000 for grades and standards research; $18,398,040 
for domestic market development projects; and $59,010 for the 
contingency reserve.
    By comparison, the major expenses for the 2015-16 marketing year 
include: $1,846,500 for employee expenses; $191,000 for travel, board 
expenses, and annual audit expenses; $254,000 for office expenses; 
$10,000 for controlled purchases; $100,000 for the crop acreage survey; 
$130,000 for the crop estimate; $94,500 for the salary of the 
Production Research Director; $1,700,000 for production research; 
$75,000 for sustainability; $600,000 for grades and standards research; 
$18,478,440 for domestic market development projects; and $32,790 for 
the contingency reserve.
    The Board reviewed and unanimously recommended 2016-17 expenditures 
of $23,143,050. Prior to arriving at this budget, the Board considered 
a recommendation from the Budget and Personnel Committee (committee), 
which also reviewed the proposed budget. The committee debated the 
relative value of the increased assessment rate, given the focus on 
domestic promotion programs. They also considered information from 
various other committees, who deliberated and formulated their own 
budgets of expenses and made their recommendations to the committee. 
Those committees include the Market Development, Production Research, 
and Grades and Standards Committees.
    The Budget and Personnel Committee considered alternative 
expenditure levels, such as reducing the proposed budgets recommended 
by the other committees, and changing the funding for domestic 
marketing projects, as well as not increasing the assessment rate. The 
committee ultimately decided that the proposed expenditures and 
assessment rate were reasonable and necessary to assist in improving 
domestic sales, maintaining staff continuity, and preparing for 
potential FSMA mandates. Thus, the committee unanimously agreed to 
recommend the proposed budget to the Board.
    The assessment rate of $0.0465 per kernelweight pound of assessable 
walnuts was derived by dividing anticipated assessment revenue needed 
by expected shipments of California walnuts certified as merchantable. 
Merchantable shipments for the year are estimated at 497,700,000 
pounds. It was determined that $23,143,050 in assessment income was 
needed, and assessment income would equal expenses of $23,143,050.
    Unexpended funds may be retained in a financial reserve, provided 
that funds in the financial reserve do not exceed approximately two 
years' budgeted expenses.
    According to NASS, the season average grower prices for the years 
2013 and 2014 were $3,710 and $3,230 per ton, respectively. These 
prices provide a range within which the 2016-17 season average price 
could fall. Dividing these average grower prices by 2,000 pounds per 
ton provides an inshell price per pound range of $1.62 to $1.86. 
Dividing these inshell per pound prices by the 0.45 conversion factor 
(inshell to kernelweight) established in the order yields a 2016-17 
price range estimate of $3.60 to $4.13 per kernelweight pound of 
assessable walnuts.
    To calculate the percentage of grower revenue represented by the 
assessment rate, the assessment rate of $0.0465 per kernelweight pound 
is divided by the low and high estimates of the price range. The 
estimated assessment revenue for the 2016-17 marketing year as a 
percentage of total grower revenue will thus likely range between 1.13 
and 1.29 percent.
    This action would increase the assessment obligation imposed on 
handlers. While assessments impose some additional costs on handlers, 
the costs are minimal and uniform on all handlers. However, these costs 
would be offset by the benefits derived by the operation of the 
marketing order. In addition, the Board's meeting was widely publicized 
throughout the California walnut industry, and all interested persons 
were invited to attend the meeting and encouraged to participate in 
Board deliberations on all issues. Like all Board meetings, the June 9, 
2016, meeting was a public meeting and all entities, both large and 
small, were free to express views on this issue. Finally, interested 
persons are invited to submit comments on this proposed rule, including 
the regulatory and informational impacts of this action on small 
businesses.
    In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 
Chapter 35), the order's information collection requirements have been 
previously approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and 
assigned OMB No. 0581-0178 (Walnuts Grown in California). No changes in 
those requirements as a result of this action are necessary. Should any 
changes become necessary, they would be submitted to OMB for approval.
    This proposed rule would impose no additional reporting or 
recordkeeping requirements on either small or large California walnut 
handlers. As with all Federal marketing order programs, reports and 
forms are periodically reviewed to reduce information requirements and 
duplication by industry and public sector agencies.
    AMS is committed to complying with the E-Government Act, to promote 
the use of the Internet and other information technologies to provide 
increased opportunities for citizen access to Government information 
and services, and for other purposes.
    USDA has not identified any relevant Federal rules that duplicate, 
overlap, or conflict with this action.
    A small business guide on complying with fruit, vegetable, and 
specialty crop marketing agreements and orders may be viewed at: http://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/moa/small-businesses. Any questions 
about the compliance guide should be sent to Richard Lower

[[Page 63721]]

at the previously mentioned address in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT section.
    A 30-day comment period is provided to allow interested persons to 
respond to this proposed rule. Thirty days is deemed appropriate 
because: (1) The 2016-17 marketing year begins on September 1, 2016, 
and the marketing order requires that the rate of assessment for each 
marketing year apply to all assessable walnuts handled during the year; 
and (2) handlers are aware of this action, which was unanimously 
recommended by the Board at a public meeting and is similar to other 
assessment rate actions issued in past years.

List of Subjects in 7 CFR Part 984

    Marketing agreements, Nuts, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Walnuts.

    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, 7 CFR part 984 is 
proposed to be amended as follows:

PART 984--WALNUTS GROWN IN CALIFORNIA

0
1. The authority citation for 7 CFR part 984 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 7 U.S.C. 601-674.

0
2. Section 984.347 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  984.347  Assessment rate.

    On and after September 1, 2016, an assessment rate of $0.0465 per 
kernel weight pound is established for California merchantable walnuts.

    Dated: September 12, 2016.
Elanor Starmer,
Administrator, Agricultural Marketing Service.
[FR Doc. 2016-22249 Filed 9-15-16; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3410-02-P



                                               63718

                                               Proposed Rules                                                                                                Federal Register
                                                                                                                                                             Vol. 81, No. 180

                                                                                                                                                             Friday, September 16, 2016



                                               This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER                    submitted in response to this proposed                and request a modification of the order
                                               contains notices to the public of the proposed          rule will be included in the record and               or to be exempted therefrom. Such
                                               issuance of rules and regulations. The                  will be made available to the public.                 handler is afforded the opportunity for
                                               purpose of these notices is to give interested          Please be advised that the identity of the            a hearing on the petition. After the
                                               persons an opportunity to participate in the            individuals or entities submitting the                hearing, USDA would rule on the
                                               rule making prior to the adoption of the final
                                               rules.
                                                                                                       comments will be made public on the                   petition. The Act provides that the
                                                                                                       internet at the address provided above.               district court of the United States in any
                                                                                                       FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:                      district in which the handler is an
                                               DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE                               Terry Vawter, Senior Marketing                        inhabitant, or has his or her principal
                                                                                                       Specialist, or Jeffrey Smutny, Regional               place of business, has jurisdiction to
                                               Agricultural Marketing Service                          Director, California Marketing Field                  review USDA’s ruling on the petition,
                                                                                                       Office, Marketing Order and Agreement                 provided an action is filed not later than
                                               7 CFR Part 984                                          Division, Specialty Crops Program,                    20 days after the date of the entry of the
                                               [Doc. No. AMS–SC–16–0062; SC16–984–2                    AMS, USDA; Telephone: (559) 487–                      ruling.
                                               PR]                                                     5901, Fax: (559) 487–5906, or Email:                     This proposed rule would increase
                                                                                                       Terry.Vawter@ams.usda.gov or                          the assessment rate for the 2016–17 and
                                               Walnuts Grown in California; Increased                  Jeffrey.Smutny@ams.usda.gov.                          subsequent marketing years from
                                               Assessment Rate                                            Small businesses may request                       $0.0379 to $0.0465 per kernelweight
                                                                                                       information on complying with this                    pound of assessable walnuts.
                                               AGENCY:  Agricultural Marketing Service,                regulation by contacting Richard Lower,                  The order provides authority for the
                                               USDA.                                                   Marketing Order and Agreement                         Board, with the approval of USDA, to
                                               ACTION: Proposed rule.                                  Division, Specialty Crops Program,                    formulate an annual budget of expenses
                                                                                                       AMS, USDA, 1400 Independence                          and collect assessments from handlers
                                               SUMMARY:   This proposed rule would
                                                                                                       Avenue SW., STOP 0237, Washington,                    to administer the program. All members
                                               implement a recommendation from the
                                                                                                       DC 20250–0237; Telephone: (202) 720–                  of the Board, but one, are growers and
                                               California Walnut Board (Board) to
                                                                                                       2491, Fax: (202) 720–8938, or Email:                  handlers of California walnuts. They are
                                               increase the assessment rate established
                                                                                                       Richard.Lower@ams.usda.gov.                           familiar with the Board’s needs and
                                               for the 2016–17 and subsequent
                                                                                                       SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This                       with the costs for goods and services in
                                               marketing years from $0.0379 to $0.0465
                                                                                                       proposed rule is issued under Marketing               their local area and are thus in a
                                               per kernelweight pound of assessable
                                                                                                       Order No. 984, as amended (7 CFR part                 position to formulate an appropriate
                                               walnuts. The Board locally administers
                                                                                                       984), regulating the handling of walnuts              budget and assessment rate. The
                                               the marketing order and is comprised of
                                                                                                       grown in California, hereinafter referred             assessment rate is formulated and
                                               growers and handlers of walnuts
                                                                                                       to as the ‘‘order.’’ The order is effective           discussed in a public meeting. Thus, all
                                               operating within the area of production.
                                                                                                       under the Agricultural Marketing                      directly affected persons have an
                                               Assessments upon walnut handlers are
                                                                                                       Agreement Act of 1937, as amended (7                  opportunity to participate and provide
                                               used by the Board to fund reasonable
                                                                                                       U.S.C. 601–674), hereinafter referred to              input.
                                               and necessary expenses of the program.
                                                                                                       as the ‘‘Act.’’                                          For the 2015–16 and subsequent
                                               The marketing year begins September 1
                                                                                                          The Department of Agriculture                      marketing years, the Board
                                               and ends August 31. The assessment
                                                                                                       (USDA) is issuing this proposed rule in               recommended, and USDA approved, an
                                               rate would remain in effect indefinitely
                                                                                                       conformance with Executive Orders                     assessment rate of $0.0379 per
                                               unless modified, suspended, or
                                                                                                       12866, 13563, and 13175.                              kernelweight pound of assessable
                                               terminated.
                                                                                                          This proposed rule has been reviewed               walnuts that would continue in effect
                                               DATES: Comments must be received by                     under Executive Order 12988, Civil                    from year to year unless modified,
                                               October 17, 2016.                                       Justice Reform. Under the order now in                suspended, or terminated by USDA
                                               ADDRESSES: Interested persons are                       effect, California walnut handlers are                upon recommendation and information
                                               invited to submit written comments                      subject to assessments. Funds to                      submitted by the Board or other
                                               concerning this proposed rule.                          administer the order are derived from                 information available to USDA.
                                               Comments must be sent to the Docket                     such assessments. It is intended that the                The Board met on June 9, 2016, and
                                               Clerk, Marketing Order and Agreement                    assessment rate as proposed herein                    unanimously recommended 2016–17
                                               Division, Specialty Crops Program,                      would be applicable to all assessable                 expenditures of $23,143,050 and an
                                               AMS, USDA, 1400 Independence                            walnuts beginning on September 1,                     assessment rate of $0.0465 per
                                               Avenue SW., STOP 0237, Washington,                      2016, and continue until amended,                     kernelweight pound of assessable
                                               DC 20250–0237; Fax: (202) 720–8938; or                  suspended, or terminated.                             walnuts. In comparison, last year’s
                                               Internet: http://www.regulations.gov.                      The Act provides that administrative               budgeted expenditures were
                                               Comments should reference the                           proceedings must be exhausted before                  $22,668,980. The assessment rate of
Lhorne on DSK30JT082PROD with PROPOSALS




                                               document number and the date and                        parties may file suit in court. Under                 $0.0465 is $0.0086 per pound higher
                                               page number of this issue of the Federal                section 608c(15)(A) of the Act, any                   than the rate currently in effect. The
                                               Register and will be available for public               handler subject to an order may file                  quantity of assessable walnuts for the
                                               inspection in the Office of the Docket                  with USDA a petition stating that the                 2016–17 marketing year is estimated at
                                               Clerk during regular business hours, or                 order, any provision of the order, or any             553,000 tons inshell or 497,700,000
                                               can be viewed at: http://                               obligation imposed in connection with                 kernelweight pounds, which is the five-
                                               www.regulations.gov. All comments                       the order is not in accordance with law               year average of walnut production. At


                                          VerDate Sep<11>2014   13:06 Sep 15, 2016   Jkt 238001   PO 00000   Frm 00001   Fmt 4702   Sfmt 4702   E:\FR\FM\16SEP1.SGM   16SEP1


                                                                             Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 180 / Friday, September 16, 2016 / Proposed Rules                                                                             63719

                                               the recommended higher assessment                                         program that would reverse the trend.                                      retirements. Thus, employee costs are
                                               rate of $0.0465 per kernelweight pound,                                   Noting that making such a commitment                                       expected to be higher this marketing
                                               the Board should collect approximately                                    for a single year would likely not result                                  year. Added to that, the implementation
                                               $23,143,050 in assessment income,                                         in long-term gains, they voted to                                          of the Food Safety Modernization Act
                                               making income and expenses equal. The                                     continue such market development and                                       (FSMA) may result in added costs to the
                                               Board estimates it will begin the 2016–                                   promotion programs yet another year.                                       industry, and in some cases, to the
                                               17 marketing year with $9,827,284 in                                      Thus, they are maintaining their                                           Board as well. For that reason, the
                                               their monetary reserve, which is well                                     programs at a level near that of the                                       Grades and Standards Committee and
                                               within the requirements of the order.                                     2015–16 marketing year.                                                    the Research Committee requested
                                                 The Board noted that sales of                                             In addition, personnel changes will                                      increased budgets.
                                               California walnuts in the domestic                                        result in an overlap of duties and                                           The following table compares major
                                               market have been declining in recent                                      expenses, as some positions will be                                        budget expenditures recommended by
                                               years, and embarked upon an enhanced                                      added so that experience and continuity                                    the Board for the 2015–16 and 2016–17
                                               market development and promotion                                          can be maintained in spite of staff                                        marketing years:

                                                                                                              Budget expense categories                                                                                   2015–16       2016–17

                                               Employee Expenses ................................................................................................................................................         $ 1,846,500   $ 2,292,000
                                               Travel/Board Expenses/Annual Audit ......................................................................................................................                      191,000       206,000
                                               Office Expenses .......................................................................................................................................................        254,000       262,000
                                               Controlled Purchases ..............................................................................................................................................             10,000        10,000
                                               Crop Acreage Survey ..............................................................................................................................................             100,000             0
                                               Crop Estimate ..........................................................................................................................................................       130,000       130,000
                                               Production Research Director .................................................................................................................................                  94,500       175,000
                                               Production Research ...............................................................................................................................................          1,700,000     1,800,000
                                               Sustainability Project ...............................................................................................................................................          75,000        75,000
                                               Grades and Standards Research ............................................................................................................................                     600,000       800,000
                                               Domestic Market Development ...............................................................................................................................                 18,478,440    18,398,040
                                               Reserve for Contingency .........................................................................................................................................               32,790        59,010



                                                  The assessment rate recommended by                                     modification of the assessment rate. The                                   handlers subject to regulation under the
                                               the Board was derived by dividing                                         dates and times of Board meetings are                                      order. The Small Business
                                               anticipated assessment revenue needed                                     available from the Board or USDA.                                          Administration (SBA) defines small
                                               by estimated shipments of California                                      Board meetings are open to the public                                      agricultural businesses (13 CFR 121.201)
                                               walnuts certified as merchantable. The                                    and interested persons may express                                         as those having annual receipts of less
                                               553,000 ton (inshell) estimate for                                        their views at these meetings. USDA                                        than $750,000, and small agricultural
                                               merchantable shipments is an average of                                   would evaluate Board recommendations                                       service firms are defined as those having
                                               shipments during three prior years.                                       and other available information to                                         annual receipts of less than $7,500,000.
                                               Pursuant to § 984.51(b) of the order, this                                determine whether modification of the                                        According to USDA’s National
                                               figure is converted to a merchantable                                     assessment rate is needed. Further                                         Agricultural Statistics Service’s
                                               kernelweight basis using a factor of 0.45                                 rulemaking would be undertaken as                                          (NASS’s) 2012 Census of Agriculture,
                                               (553,000 tons × 2,000 pounds per ton ×                                    necessary. The Board’s 2016–17 budget                                      approximately 86 percent of California’s
                                               0.45), which yields 497,700,000                                           and those for subsequent marketing                                         walnut farms were smaller than 100
                                               kernelweight pounds. At $0.0465 per                                       years would be reviewed, and, as                                           acres. Further, NASS reports that the
                                               pound, the new assessment rate should                                     appropriate, approved by USDA.                                             average yield for 2014 was 1.97 tons per
                                               generate $23,143,050 in assessment                                        Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis                                    acre, and the average price received for
                                               income, which is equal to estimated                                                                                                                  2014 was $3,230 per ton.
                                               expenses.                                                                   Pursuant to requirements set forth in
                                                                                                                         the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5                                      A 100-acre farm with an average yield
                                                  Section 984.69 of the order authorizes                                                                                                            of 1.97 tons per acre would therefore
                                                                                                                         U.S.C. 601–612), the Agricultural
                                               the Board to carry over excess funds                                                                                                                 have been expected to produce about
                                                                                                                         Marketing Service (AMS) has
                                               into subsequent marketing years as a                                                                                                                 197 tons of walnuts during 2014–15
                                                                                                                         considered the economic impact of this
                                               reserve, provided that funds already in                                                                                                              marketing year. At $3,230 per ton, that
                                                                                                                         proposed rule on small entities.
                                               the reserve do not exceed approximately                                                                                                              farm’s production would have had an
                                                                                                                         Accordingly, AMS has prepared this
                                               two years’ budgeted expenses. Current                                                                                                                approximate value of $636,310. Since
                                                                                                                         initial regulatory flexibility analysis.
                                               reserve funds total $9,827,284 and are                                      The purpose of the RFA is to fit                                         Census of Agriculture information
                                               well within that requirement.                                             regulatory actions to the scale of                                         indicates that the majority of
                                                  The proposed assessment rate would                                     businesses subject to such actions in                                      California’s walnut farms are smaller
                                               continue in effect indefinitely unless                                    order that small businesses will not be                                    than 100 acres, it could be concluded
                                               modified, suspended, or terminated by                                     unduly or disproportionately burdened.                                     that the majority of the growers had
                                               USDA upon recommendation and                                              Marketing orders issued pursuant to the                                    receipts of less than $636,310 in 2014–
                                               information submitted by the Board or                                     Act, and the rules issued thereunder, are                                  15, which is well below the SBA
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                                               other available information.                                              unique in that they are brought about                                      threshold of $750,000. Thus, the
                                                  Although this assessment rate would                                    through group action of essentially                                        majority of California’s walnut growers
                                               be effective for an indefinite period, the                                small entities acting on their own                                         would be considered small growers
                                               Board would continue to meet prior to                                     behalf.                                                                    according to SBA’s definition.
                                               or during each marketing year to                                            There are approximately 5,700                                              According to information supplied by
                                               recommend a budget of expenses and                                        growers of California walnuts in the                                       the Board, approximately two-thirds of
                                               consider recommendations for                                              production area and approximately 90                                       California’s walnut handlers shipped


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                                               63720                 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 180 / Friday, September 16, 2016 / Proposed Rules

                                               merchantable walnuts valued under                          The Board reviewed and unanimously                 rate, the assessment rate of $0.0465 per
                                               $7,500,000 during the 2014–15                           recommended 2016–17 expenditures of                   kernelweight pound is divided by the
                                               marketing year, and would, therefore, be                $23,143,050. Prior to arriving at this                low and high estimates of the price
                                               considered small businesses according                   budget, the Board considered a                        range. The estimated assessment
                                               to the SBA definition.                                  recommendation from the Budget and                    revenue for the 2016–17 marketing year
                                                  This proposed rule would increase                    Personnel Committee (committee),                      as a percentage of total grower revenue
                                               the assessment rate and collected from                  which also reviewed the proposed                      will thus likely range between 1.13 and
                                               handlers for the 2016–17 and                            budget. The committee debated the                     1.29 percent.
                                               subsequent marketing years from                         relative value of the increased                          This action would increase the
                                               $0.0379 to $0.0465 per kernelweight                     assessment rate, given the focus on                   assessment obligation imposed on
                                               pound of assessable walnuts. The Board                  domestic promotion programs. They                     handlers. While assessments impose
                                               unanimously recommended 2016–17                         also considered information from                      some additional costs on handlers, the
                                               expenditures of $23,143,050 and an                      various other committees, who                         costs are minimal and uniform on all
                                               assessment rate of $0.0465 per                          deliberated and formulated their own                  handlers. However, these costs would
                                               kernelweight pound of assessable                        budgets of expenses and made their                    be offset by the benefits derived by the
                                               walnuts. The proposed assessment rate                   recommendations to the committee.                     operation of the marketing order. In
                                               of $0.0465 is $0.0086 higher than the                   Those committees include the Market                   addition, the Board’s meeting was
                                               2015–16 rate. The quantity of assessable                Development, Production Research, and                 widely publicized throughout the
                                               walnuts for the 2016–17 marketing year                  Grades and Standards Committees.                      California walnut industry, and all
                                               is estimated at 553,000 tons inshell                       The Budget and Personnel Committee                 interested persons were invited to
                                               weight, or 497,700,000 kernelweight                     considered alternative expenditure                    attend the meeting and encouraged to
                                               pounds. Thus, the $0.0465 rate should                   levels, such as reducing the proposed                 participate in Board deliberations on all
                                               provide $23,143,050 in assessment                       budgets recommended by the other                      issues. Like all Board meetings, the June
                                               income.                                                 committees, and changing the funding                  9, 2016, meeting was a public meeting
                                                  The increased assessment rate is due                 for domestic marketing projects, as well              and all entities, both large and small,
                                               to continuing domestic marketing and                    as not increasing the assessment rate.                were free to express views on this issue.
                                               promotion programs, as well as to                       The committee ultimately decided that                 Finally, interested persons are invited to
                                               increased personnel and committee                       the proposed expenditures and                         submit comments on this proposed rule,
                                                                                                       assessment rate were reasonable and                   including the regulatory and
                                               expenses. The Board believes that
                                                                                                       necessary to assist in improving                      informational impacts of this action on
                                               California walnut sales can be improved
                                                                                                       domestic sales, maintaining staff                     small businesses.
                                               in the domestic market through                                                                                   In accordance with the Paperwork
                                                                                                       continuity, and preparing for potential
                                               continued promotional activities. In                                                                          Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C.
                                                                                                       FSMA mandates. Thus, the committee
                                               addition, the Grades and Standards and                                                                        Chapter 35), the order’s information
                                                                                                       unanimously agreed to recommend the
                                               Research Committees have asked for                                                                            collection requirements have been
                                                                                                       proposed budget to the Board.
                                               additional funds in case the                               The assessment rate of $0.0465 per                 previously approved by the Office of
                                               implementation of FSMA requires new                     kernelweight pound of assessable                      Management and Budget (OMB) and
                                               methods or processes for growing,                       walnuts was derived by dividing                       assigned OMB No. 0581–0178 (Walnuts
                                               harvesting, and shipping walnuts.                       anticipated assessment revenue needed                 Grown in California). No changes in
                                                  The major expenses for the 2016–17                   by expected shipments of California                   those requirements as a result of this
                                               marketing year include: $2,292,000 for                  walnuts certified as merchantable.                    action are necessary. Should any
                                               employee expenses; $206,000 for travel,                 Merchantable shipments for the year are               changes become necessary, they would
                                               board expenses, and annual audit                        estimated at 497,700,000 pounds. It was               be submitted to OMB for approval.
                                               expenses; $262,000 for office expenses;                 determined that $23,143,050 in                           This proposed rule would impose no
                                               $10,000 for controlled purchases; $0 for                assessment income was needed, and                     additional reporting or recordkeeping
                                               the crop acreage survey; $130,000 for                   assessment income would equal                         requirements on either small or large
                                               the crop estimate; $175,000 for the                     expenses of $23,143,050.                              California walnut handlers. As with all
                                               salary of the Production Research                          Unexpended funds may be retained in                Federal marketing order programs,
                                               Director; $1,800,000 for production                     a financial reserve, provided that funds              reports and forms are periodically
                                               research; $75,000 for sustainability;                   in the financial reserve do not exceed                reviewed to reduce information
                                               $800,000 for grades and standards                       approximately two years’ budgeted                     requirements and duplication by
                                               research; $18,398,040 for domestic                      expenses.                                             industry and public sector agencies.
                                               market development projects; and                           According to NASS, the season                         AMS is committed to complying with
                                               $59,010 for the contingency reserve.                    average grower prices for the years 2013              the E-Government Act, to promote the
                                                  By comparison, the major expenses                    and 2014 were $3,710 and $3,230 per                   use of the Internet and other
                                               for the 2015–16 marketing year include:                 ton, respectively. These prices provide a             information technologies to provide
                                               $1,846,500 for employee expenses;                       range within which the 2016–17 season                 increased opportunities for citizen
                                               $191,000 for travel, board expenses, and                average price could fall. Dividing these              access to Government information and
                                               annual audit expenses; $254,000 for                     average grower prices by 2,000 pounds                 services, and for other purposes.
                                               office expenses; $10,000 for controlled                 per ton provides an inshell price per                    USDA has not identified any relevant
                                               purchases; $100,000 for the crop acreage                pound range of $1.62 to $1.86. Dividing               Federal rules that duplicate, overlap, or
                                               survey; $130,000 for the crop estimate;                 these inshell per pound prices by the                 conflict with this action.
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                                               $94,500 for the salary of the Production                0.45 conversion factor (inshell to                       A small business guide on complying
                                               Research Director; $1,700,000 for                       kernelweight) established in the order                with fruit, vegetable, and specialty crop
                                               production research; $75,000 for                        yields a 2016–17 price range estimate of              marketing agreements and orders may
                                               sustainability; $600,000 for grades and                 $3.60 to $4.13 per kernelweight pound                 be viewed at: http://www.ams.usda.gov/
                                               standards research; $18,478,440 for                     of assessable walnuts.                                rules-regulations/moa/small-businesses.
                                               domestic market development projects;                      To calculate the percentage of grower              Any questions about the compliance
                                               and $32,790 for the contingency reserve.                revenue represented by the assessment                 guide should be sent to Richard Lower


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                                                                     Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 180 / Friday, September 16, 2016 / Proposed Rules                                           63721

                                               at the previously mentioned address in                  grown in California. The California                   to as the ‘‘order.’’ The order is effective
                                               the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT                     Walnut Board (Board), which is                        under the Agricultural Marketing
                                               section.                                                responsible for the local administration              Agreement Act of 1937, as amended (7
                                                  A 30-day comment period is provided                  of the order and is comprised of walnut               U.S.C. 601–674), hereinafter referred to
                                               to allow interested persons to respond                  producers and handlers operating                      as the ‘‘Act.’’
                                               to this proposed rule. Thirty days is                   within the production area,                             The Department of Agriculture
                                               deemed appropriate because: (1) The                     recommended an amendment that                         (USDA) is issuing this rule in
                                               2016–17 marketing year begins on                        would authorize the Board to borrow                   conformance with Executive Orders
                                               September 1, 2016, and the marketing                    from a commercial lending institution to              12866, 13563, and 13175.
                                               order requires that the rate of                         fund operations and marketing/research                  This proposal has been reviewed
                                               assessment for each marketing year                      expenses. Allowing the Committee to                   under Executive Order 12988, Civil
                                               apply to all assessable walnuts handled                 utilize this customary business practice              Justice Reform. This rule is not intended
                                               during the year; and (2) handlers are                   would provide flexibility for the Board               to have retroactive effect.
                                               aware of this action, which was                         while increasing its effectiveness.                     The Act provides that administrative
                                               unanimously recommended by the                          DATES: Comments must be received by                   proceedings must be exhausted before
                                               Board at a public meeting and is similar                November 15, 2016.                                    parties may file suit in court. Under
                                               to other assessment rate actions issued                                                                       section 608c(15)(A) of the Act, any
                                                                                                       ADDRESSES: Interested persons are
                                               in past years.                                                                                                handler subject to an order may file
                                                                                                       invited to submit written comments
                                                                                                                                                             with USDA a petition stating that the
                                               List of Subjects in 7 CFR Part 984                      concerning this rule. Comments must be
                                                                                                                                                             order, any provision of the order, or any
                                                                                                       sent to the Docket Clerk, Marketing
                                                 Marketing agreements, Nuts,                                                                                 obligation imposed in connection with
                                                                                                       Order and Agreement Division,
                                               Reporting and recordkeeping                                                                                   the order is not in accordance with law
                                                                                                       Specialty Crops Program, AMS, USDA,
                                               requirements, Walnuts.                                                                                        and request a modification of the order
                                                                                                       1400 Independence Avenue SW., STOP
                                                                                                                                                             or to be exempted therefrom. Such
                                                 For the reasons set forth in the                      0237, Washington, DC 20250–0237; Fax:
                                                                                                                                                             handler is afforded the opportunity for
                                               preamble, 7 CFR part 984 is proposed to                 (202) 720–8938; or Internet: http://
                                                                                                                                                             a hearing on the petition. After the
                                               be amended as follows:                                  www.regulations.gov. Comments should
                                                                                                                                                             hearing, USDA would rule on the
                                                                                                       reference the document number and the
                                               PART 984—WALNUTS GROWN IN                                                                                     petition. The Act provides that the
                                                                                                       date and page number of this issue of
                                               CALIFORNIA                                                                                                    district court of the United States in any
                                                                                                       the Federal Register and will be
                                                                                                                                                             district in which the handler is an
                                                                                                       available for public inspection in the                inhabitant, or has his or her principal
                                               ■ 1. The authority citation for 7 CFR                   Office of the Docket Clerk during regular
                                               part 984 continues to read as follows:                                                                        place of business, has jurisdiction to
                                                                                                       business hours, or can be viewed at:                  review USDA’s ruling on the petition,
                                                   Authority: 7 U.S.C. 601–674.                        http://www.regulations.gov. All                       provided an action is filed not later than
                                               ■ 2. Section 984.347 is revised to read                 comments submitted in response to this                20 days after the date of the entry of the
                                               as follows:                                             proposal will be included in the record               ruling.
                                                                                                       and will be made available to the                       Section 1504 of the Food,
                                               § 984.347    Assessment rate.                           public. Please be advised that the                    Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
                                                 On and after September 1, 2016, an                    identity of the individuals or entities               (2008 Farm Bill) (Pub. L. 110–246)
                                               assessment rate of $0.0465 per kernel                   submitting the comments will be made                  amended section 18c(17) of the Act,
                                               weight pound is established for                         public on the internet at the address                 which in turn required the addition of
                                               California merchantable walnuts.                        provided above.                                       supplemental rules of practice to 7 CFR
                                                 Dated: September 12, 2016.                            FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:                      part 900 (73 FR 49307; August 21,
                                               Elanor Starmer,
                                                                                                       Geronimo Quinones, Marketing                          2008). The additional supplemental
                                                                                                       Specialist, or Michelle P. Sharrow,                   rules of practice authorize the use of
                                               Administrator, Agricultural Marketing
                                               Service.
                                                                                                       Rulemaking Branch Chief, Marketing                    informal rulemaking (5 U.S.C. 553) to
                                                                                                       Order and Agreement Division,                         amend Federal fruit, vegetable, and nut
                                               [FR Doc. 2016–22249 Filed 9–15–16; 8:45 am]
                                                                                                       Specialty Crops Program, AMS, USDA;                   marketing agreements and orders. USDA
                                               BILLING CODE 3410–02–P
                                                                                                       1400 Independence Avenue SW., Stop                    may use informal rulemaking to amend
                                                                                                       0237, Washington, DC 20250–0237;                      marketing orders based on the nature
                                                                                                       Telephone: (202) 720–2491, Fax: (202)                 and complexity of the proposed
                                               DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
                                                                                                       720–8938, or Email:                                   amendments, the potential regulatory
                                               Agricultural Marketing Service                          Geronimo.Quinones@ams.usda.gov or                     and economic impacts on affected
                                                                                                       Michelle.Sharrow@ams.usda.gov.                        entities, and any other relevant matters.
                                               7 CFR Part 984                                            Small businesses may request                          AMS has considered these factors and
                                                                                                       information on complying with this                    has determined that the amendment
                                               [Doc. No. AMS–SC–16–0053, SC–16–984–1                   regulation by contacting Antoinette                   proposal is not unduly complex and the
                                               PR]                                                     Carter, Marketing Order and Agreement                 nature of the proposed amendment is
                                                                                                       Division, Specialty Crops Program,                    appropriate for utilizing the informal
                                               Walnuts Grown in California; Proposed                   AMS, USDA, 1400 Independence
                                               Amendment to Marketing Order                                                                                  rulemaking process to amend the order.
                                                                                                       Avenue SW., STOP 0237, Washington,                    A discussion of the potential regulatory
                                               AGENCY:  Agricultural Marketing Service,                DC 20250–0237; Telephone: (202) 720–                  and economic impacts on affected
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                                               USDA.                                                   2491, Fax: (202) 720–8938, or Email:                  entities is discussed later in the ‘‘Initial
                                               ACTION: Proposed rule.
                                                                                                       Antoinette.Carter@ams.usda.gov.                       Regulatory Flexibility Analysis’’ section
                                                                                                       SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This                       of this rule.
                                               SUMMARY:  This proposed rule invites                    proposal is issued under Marketing                      The proposed amendment was
                                               public comments on a proposed                           Order No. 984, as amended (7 CFR part                 unanimously recommended by the
                                               amendment to Marketing Order No. 984,                   984), regulating the handling of walnuts              Board following deliberations at a
                                               which regulates the handling of walnuts                 grown in California, hereinafter referred             public meeting held on February 19,


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Document Created: 2016-09-16 00:26:05
Document Modified: 2016-09-16 00:26:05
CategoryRegulatory Information
CollectionFederal Register
sudoc ClassAE 2.7:
GS 4.107:
AE 2.106:
PublisherOffice of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration
SectionProposed Rules
ActionProposed rule.
DatesComments must be received by October 17, 2016.
ContactTerry Vawter, Senior Marketing Specialist, or Jeffrey Smutny, Regional Director, California Marketing Field Office, Marketing Order and Agreement Division, Specialty Crops Program, AMS, USDA; Telephone: (559) 487-5901, Fax: (559) 487-5906, or Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
FR Citation81 FR 63718 
CFR AssociatedMarketing Agreements; Nuts; Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements and Walnuts

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