82 FR 16981 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened Species Status for the Headwater Chub and Roundtail Chub Distinct Population Segment
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register Volume 82, Issue 66 (April 7, 2017)
Fish and Wildlife Service
Federal Register Volume 82, Issue 66 (April 7, 2017)
| Page Range | 16981-16988 | |
| FR Document | 2017-06995 |
[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 66 (Friday, April 7, 2017)] [Proposed Rules] [Pages 16981-16988] From the Federal Register Online [www.thefederalregister.org] [FR Doc No: 2017-06995] ======================================================================= ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 [Docket No. FWS-R2-ES-2015-0148; 4500030113] RIN 1018-BA86 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened Species Status for the Headwater Chub and Roundtail Chub Distinct Population Segment AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; withdrawal. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), withdraw the proposed rule to list the headwater chub (Gila nigra) and a distinct population segment (DPS) of the roundtail chub (Gila robusta) from the lower Colorado River basin as threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (Act). This withdrawal is based on a thorough review of the best scientific and commercial data available, which indicate that the headwater chub and [[Page 16982]] the roundtail chub DPS are not discrete taxonomic entities and do not meet the definition of a species under the Act. These fish are now recognized as a part of a single taxonomic species--the roundtail chub (Gila robusta). Because the entities previously proposed for listing are no longer recognized as species, as defined by the Act, we have determined that they are not listable entities and we are withdrawing our proposed rule to add them to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. Section 4(b)(6) of the Act and implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.17 provide that the Service must, within 1 year of a proposed rule to list, delist, or reclassify species, or to designate or revise critical habitat, withdraw the proposal if the available evidence does not justify the proposed action. The document withdrawing the rule must set forth the basis upon which the proposed rule has been found not to be supported by available evidence. Once withdrawn, the action may not be re-proposed unless sufficient new information is available. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Steve Spangle, Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Ecological Services Office, 9828 North 31st Ave., #C3, Phoenix, AZ 85051-2517; telephone 602-242-0210. Persons who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) may call the Federal Relay Services at 800-877-8339. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Previous Federal Action On October 7, 2015 (80 FR 60754), we published a proposed rule to list the headwater chub and the lower Colorado River basin roundtail chub DPS (roundtail chub DPS) as threatened species under the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). On August 15, 2016 (81 FR 54018), we announced a 6-month extension on the final listing determination that the Act allows when there is substantial disagreement regarding the sufficiency or accuracy of the available data, and reopened the comment period on the proposed listings for 30 days. During this comment period we received new information. On November 1, 2016 (81 FR 75801), we reopened the comment period on the proposed listings for an additional 45 days to provide the public additional time to review and consider the proposed rulemakings in light of this new information. As a result of the 6-month extension, the deadline to finalize, modify, or withdraw the proposed rule is April 7, 2017. For a description of additional previous Federal actions concerning these species, please refer to the October 7, 2015, proposed listing rule (80 FR 60754). Background At the time we published our proposed rule (October 7, 2015; 80 FR 60754), the Committee on Names of Fishes, a joint committee of the American Fisheries Society and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (the Societies) (Page et al. 2013, p. 71), considered headwater chub and roundtail chub to be separate species. As a consortium of fisheries scientists, the American Fisheries Society is the recognized and accepted scientific authority on fish taxonomy. Accordingly, our proposed rule assessed the headwater chub and roundtail chub as separate species. However, commenters on our proposed rule raised questions during the public comment period regarding the taxonomic distinctness of the headwater and roundtail chubs, as related to the Gila chub (Gila intermedia). At that time, some scientists knowledgeable about the fish contended that the three entities were not separate species (Carter et al. 2016 in press; Copus et al. 2016). For this reason, the Arizona Game and Fish Department requested that the Societies evaluate the most recent literature associated with roundtail chub, headwater chub, and Gila chub taxonomy. In their final report to the Arizona Game and Fish Department, the Societies panel concluded that ``no morphological or genetic data define populations of Gila in the lower Colorado River basin (which, as defined by the Service, includes the Little Colorado River, Bill Williams River, Gila River, Verde River, and Salt River drainages) as members of more than one species'' and ``that the data available support recognition of only one species of Gila, the roundtail chub, Gila robusta'' (Page et al. 2016, p. 1). These three fish are now considered by the Societies to be a single species, roundtail chub (Gila robusta) because data do not support recognition of three species. Taxonomy Introduction The taxonomic history of the genus Gila in the Colorado River basin has changed over time, especially for the three forms (roundtail, headwater, and Gila chub) found in the Gila River basin. These forms have been variously classified as full species, assigned as different species, subspecies of Gila robusta, or as part of a ``Gila robusta complex'' (Miller 1945; Holden 1968; Rinne 1969; Holden and Stalnaker 1970; Rinne 1976; Smith et al. 1977; DeMarais 1986; Rosenfeld and Wilkinson 1989; Dowling and DeMarais 1993; Douglas et al. 1998; Minckley and DeMarais 2000; Gerber et al. 2001). As noted by nearly all researchers investigating the systematics of Gila spp., the taxonomic situation is complicated and problematic (Holden and Stalnaker 1970; Minckley 1973; Minckley and DeMarais 2000; Gerber et al. 2001; Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. 2014) due to various factors including multiple independent hybridization events over time (Rinne 1976; DeMarais 1986; Rosenfeld and Wilkinson 1989; DeMarais et al. 1992; Dowling and DeMarais 1993; Minckley and DeMarais 2000; Gerber et al. 2001; Schwemm 2006; Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. 2014; Brandenburg et al. 2015,) potential past introgression (the transfer of genetic information from one species to another as a result of hybridization between them and repeated backcrossing) (DeMarais et al. 1992; Minckley and DeMarais 2000), recent divergence within the three fish (Schwemm 2006). Further, the original assignment to species was based on the assumption that the three fish do not overlap geographically (parapatry), which we recognize now is not an accurate assumption. Additionally, in some instances when the same fish was identified based on morphology (physical characteristics) it was identified as one species and when identified based on genetic analysis it was identified as a different species (Dowling et al. 2015, pp. 14-15). Recent and ongoing genetic and morphologic analyses of chubs in the Gila River basin continue to yield conflicting results (DeMarais et al. 1992; Schwemm 2006; Dowling et al. 2008 and 2015; Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. 2014; Marsh et al. 2016, all entire). History Gila robusta (roundtail chub) was first described by Baird and Girard (1853, p. 365-369) from specimens collected in 1851 from the Zuni River (tributary to Little Colorado River). Gila nigra (headwater chub; formerly known as G. robusta graham or G. grahami) was first described as a subspecies (G. robusta graham) from Ash Creek in the San Carlos River in east-central Arizona in 1874 (Cope and Yarrow 1875, p. 663), but not returned to full species status (G. robusta) until proposed so by Minckley and DeMarais (2000, p. entire). The Societies accepted Gila nigra as a full species (Nelson et al. 2004, p. 71), as did the New Mexico Department of Game, Fish (Carman 2006, p. 3), Arizona Game, and Fish [[Page 16983]] Department (AGFD 2006, p. 3) and continued to recognize G. robusta as a distinct species. Therefore, based on the best available commercial and scientific data the Service accepted both Gila robusta and Gila nigra as full species as documented in our 12-month findings (May 3, 2006; 71 FR 26007 and July 7, 2009; 74 FR 32352). In their 2013 publication of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, the Societies continued to list both Gila robusta and Gila nigra as distinct species (Page et al. 2013, p. 71). A summary of the historic and current nomenclature from Rinne (1976, entire), Sublette et al. (1990, entire), and Minckley and DeMarais (2000, entire) is summarized in Voeltz (2002, pp. 8) and Copus et al. (2016, pp. 1&6). The Gila chub (Gila intermedia) is currently listed as an endangered species (November 2, 2005; 70 FR 66664). These entities were originally classified based on the streams in which they were found (Minckley and DeMarais 2000, p. 252), under the assumption that G. robusta and G. nigra either did not overlap (allopatric, no gene flow) or there was only a narrow overlap (parapatric; limited interaction and opportunity for gene flow) (Minckley and DeMarais 2000 pp. 252-254). Because hybridization between G. robusta and G. intermedia indicates that these fish must co-occur in some streams (Minckley and DeMarais 2000, entire), we conclude that Minckley and DeMarais's (2000) assumption they did not overlap was unfounded. Further, other studies have found that fish designated as G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia overlap geographically or occur adjacent to one another (Dowling and Marsh 2009, p. 1; Marsh et al. 2016, p. 57; Brandenburg et al. 2015, p. 18). Morphology The approach for classifying G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia developed by Minckley and DeMarais (2000, pp. 254-255) presumes there is little intraspecific variation (differences within a species) in the morphologic and meristic (counting quantitative characteristics such as fins) characteristics used to distinguish these three taxa. However, the three purported species overlap in physical characteristics, and many fish have intermediate physical characteristics. Those characteristics that do not overlap are separated by very small margins, making species-level identification of individual fish problematic, even when the geographic origin of the species is known (Brandenburg 2015, entire). Minckley and DeMarais (2000, pp. 253-254) indicate that G. nigra is physically different from G. intermedia even though they appear physically more similar to one another than either is to G. robusta. In addition, Copus et al. (2016, p. 13) did not find physical characteristics in the Minckley and DeMarais (2000, pp. 254-255) classification key to reliably differentiate G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia from one another. Copus et al. (2016 p. 16) concluded that there was no morphological basis for taxonomic distinctions within the Gila spp. complex. Genetics Multiple genetic analysis studies have been conducted that reveal differences between different chub populations, but have been unable to identify differences between G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia (DeMarais et al. 1992, pp. 2748-2749; Schwemm 2006, p. 29; Dowling et al. 2008, p. 2, and 2015, p. 13; Copus et al. 2016, pp. 14-15; Marsh et al, 2016, p.58). Mitochondrial DNA analysis (Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. 2014, p. 223) indicates that G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia belong to one clade (a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants, living and extinct, of that ancestor). Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. (2014, p. 223) hypothesized that this could reflect hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting (when the lineage of a specific gene is not the same as the lineage of the species, obscuring the true species relationship). However, when nuclear DNA (rather than mitochondrial DNA) was analyzed, a broader grouping was identified that included G. seminude and G. elegans, but when mitochondrial and nuclear DNA results are combined G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia were in one grouping (Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. 2014, p. 223). Preliminary studies by Chafin et al. (2016) indicate evolutionary independent lineages for G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia, and that the hybrid origin of G. nigra is not supported. Studies by Marsh et al. (2016, entire) point to genetic variation between populations of G. robusta and G. nigra, and demonstrate evidence that distinct ecological differences between some populations are now thought to exist. Minckley and DeMarais (2000, entire) supported recognition of three species, but acknowledged that most genetic variation was within populations for G. robusta, and was among populations for G. intermedia and G. nigra. Minckley and DeMarais (2000, p. 253) also indicated that these three fishes share genetic features (that had been studied so far) while behaving as separate non- overlapping (allopatric) morphological species. In addition, some populations assigned to species based on genetics appeared to conflict with the species level-assignment based on morphology (Dowling et al. 2008, p. 27). Speciation Minckley and DeMarais (2000, p. 253) describe three different taxonomic options for chubs in the Gila River basin: a single species with many different forms or stages (polymorphic species), a species containing multiple subspecies, or three full species. They acknowledge that none of these taxonomic options is biologically justified without knowing if these fish naturally occur in the same geographic area (sympatry, indicating an initial interbreeding population that split), or occur immediately adjacent to each other but not significantly overlapping (parapatry, indicating there is no barrier to gene flow). They further acknowledge that a persistent narrow interaction zone (parapatry, indicating there is no barrier to gene flow) of morphologically distinguishable G. robusta, G. intermedia, and G. nigra has been confirmed, but note that in no instance was any two of the three caught at the same locality (allopatric, no gene flow; p. 251). However, they also acknowledge that hybridization (between G. robusta and G. intermedia, resulting in G. nigra) in the past must have occurred in some places and not others, thereby demonstrating occurrence in the same geographic area (sympatry) (p. 253). They conversely hypothesized that the current minimal overlap in an area where species are adjacent (parapatry, indicating there is no barrier to gene flow) may thus reflect an ancestral ecological segregation area (sympatry, indicating an initial interbreeding population that split due to the use of different habitats and resources) that promoted persistence in the ever-increasing aridity of the Southwest (p. 253). In Fossil Creek, G. nigra and G. robusta appear to be sympatric, including hybrids between G. robusta and G. nigra (Marsh et al. 2016, p. 57). Brandenburg et al. (2015, p. 18) concluded that the morphological assessment of Gila spp. in New Mexico confirmed that the three fish were found in the same geographic area (sympatric) in almost all cases, contradicting Minckley and DeMarais' results (2000, p. 251) as well as other previous literature suggesting that these Gila spp. are occurring in separate non-overlapping geographical areas (allopatric) through their ranges (Rinne [[Page 16984]] 1969, p. entire; DeMarais 1986, p. entire; Minckley and DeMarais 2000, p. 253). In Fossil Creek, they found that G. nigra and G. robusta are locally in the same geographic area (sympatric) and have hybridized (Marsh et al. 2016, p. 57). Marsh et al. (2016, p. 58) concluded there are two morphologically similar, but genetically distinguishable, chub in Fossil Creek, G. robusta and G. nigra. Conservation Implications Dowling et al. (2015, pp. 14-15) reasoned that the lack of diagnostic molecular characteristics does not inform the status of these three fish, but rather highlights the role that local evolution has played in shaping patterns of variation in these taxa and the importance of accounting for this variation when managing the complex. Most, if not all, scientists agree that conservation actions for these chubs must be directed at the population level and must include consideration of the complex as a whole (Dowling et al. 2008, pp. 30- 31; Dowling and DeMarais 1993, p. 445; Gerber et al. 2001, p. 2037; Schwemm et al. 2006, pp. 32-33). The Arizona Game and Fish Department recognizes the importance of conserving the currently recognized roundtail chub population rangewide (including the formerly known headwater chub and Gila chub) and is committed to the conservation agreements and practices that have been in place since 2006 (AGFD 2017, entire; AGFD 2006, entire). Public Comments In our October 7, 2015 proposed rule (80 FR 60754), we requested that all interested parties submit comments or information concerning the proposed listings during a 60 day comment period, ending December 7, 2015. We particularly sought comments concerning genetics and taxonomy. In our August 15, 2016, 6-month extension document (81 FR 54018), we reopened the comment period on the proposed rule for 30 days, ending September 14, 2016, and we again requested comments and information regarding genetics and morphology that would aid in resolving the ongoing taxonomic issues regarding classification of these fish. On November 1, 2016 (81 FR 75801, we announced an additional 45-day comment period, ending December 16, 2016, on the October 7, 2015 proposed rule. We provided notification of these publications and their comment periods through email, letters, and news releases faxed and/or mailed to the appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies; county governments; elected officials; media outlets; local jurisdictions; scientific organizations; interested groups; and other interested parties. In accordance with our peer review policy published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we solicited independent opinions from at least three knowledgeable individuals who have expertise with these fish, who possess a current knowledge of the geographic region where the fish occurs, and/or are familiar with the principles of conservation biology. We reviewed all comments received from peer reviewers and the public for substantive issues and new information regarding the proposed listing of G. nigra and the G. robusta DPS. Substantive comments pertaining to the taxonomy of these fish received during the comment period are addressed below. We also received several comments from both the public and peer reviewers concerning threats to these fish; however, because our withdrawal is due to taxonomic revision such comments are outside the scope of this withdrawal. Peer Review Comments (1) Comment: One peer reviewed stated that there are no recent (since 2000) publications in the peer-reviewed literature that provide evidence that Gila intermedia, G. nigra, and G. robusta are other than separate and distinct species. The peer reviewer further stated that there are articles that study the genetics or morphology of these fish without questioning its taxonomy, specifically Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. 2014, Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. 2012, and Marsh et al. in press. Response: Multiple studies since 2000 provide information on the genetic analysis for these fish, including Schwemm 2006, Dowling et al. 2008 and 2015, and Copus et al. 2016. While these studies may not have questioned the taxonomic classification, they also have not been able to identify genetic markers that have the ability to distinguish among G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia. Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. (2008, p. 213; 2014, p. 223), using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequencing, found that G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia were well supported as having a common ancestor. Using mitochondrial DNA, Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. (2008, p. 213; 2014, p. 223) found that G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia were in one grouping that included a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor (clade), and this could reflect incomplete lineage sorting or hybridization. However, when nuclear DNA was analyzed, a broader grouping was identified that included G. seminuda and G. elegans, but when mitochondrial and nuclear DNA results were combined, G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia were alone in one grouping. While Marsh et al. (2016, entire) concluded there are two similar but genetically distinguishable species in the creek they studied, their findings differ somewhat from Schwemm (2006) and Dowling et al. (2008 and 2015, entire), who were unable to conclusively identify distinct species using genetic markers across a much wider range. Further, the Societies conducted a review of the literature and found no evidence to support three species. The Service has reviewed the best available scientific and commercial data and also found a lack of sufficient evidence to support more than one species. (2) Comment: Recognized authorities on the taxonomy and ecology of these fish recognized these fish as separate species based on morphological diagnostics. Response: Minckley and DeMarais (2000), Miller et al. (2005), and Minckley and Marsh (2009) report identification of three species using a diagnostic morphological key. However, additional reports were unable to reliably identify these three fish to species using the same diagnostic key (Carter et al. 2016, p. 2 and 20, in press; Brandenburg 2015, entire; Copus et al. 2016, p. 13). Further, Minckley and DeMarais (2000, pp. 253-254) stated that G. nigra is morphologically separate from G. intermedia, but that G. nigra and G. intermedia appear morphologically more similar to one another than either is to G. robusta. In addition to issues surrounding morphological identification, multiple genetic analysis studies have found population-level differences, but have been unable to identify genetic markers that have the ability to distinguish among G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia (DeMarais 1992, pp. 2748-2749; Schwemm 2006, p. 29; Dowling et al. 2008, p. 2, and 2015, p. 13; Copus et al. 2016, pp. 14-15). There are also the findings of Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. (2014), Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. (2012) as described in Response to Comment 1. (3) Comment: Conclusions are mainly based on two ``gray literature'' reports that have not undergone peer review (Copus et al. 2016) or were not available for public consideration (Carter et al. 2016, in press). Response: Section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act requires the Service to make listing or delisting decisions based on the best scientific and commercial data available. Further, our Policy on Information Standards under the Act [[Page 16985]] (July 1, 1994; 59 FR 34271), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality Guidelines (https://www.fws.gov/informationquality), provide criteria and, guidance, and establish procedures to ensure that our decisions are based on the best scientific data available. They require us, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of the best scientific data available, to use primary and original sources of information as the basis for our determinations. Primary or original information sources are those that are closest to the subject being studied, as opposed to those that cite, comment on, or build upon primary sources. The Act and our regulations do not require us to use only peer-reviewed literature, but instead they require us to use the ``best scientific and commercial data available.'' We use information from many different sources, including articles in peer-reviewed journals, scientific status surveys and studies completed by qualified individuals, Master's thesis research that has been reviewed but not published in a journal, other unpublished governmental and nongovernmental reports, reports prepared by industry, personal communication about management or other relevant topics, conservation plans developed by States and counties, biological assessments, other unpublished materials, experts' opinions or personal knowledge, and other sources. For these reasons, we think it is appropriate to include review of Copus et al. (2016) and Carter et al. (2016, in press), as well as other sources, within our review. (4) Comment: Several authors presented data and conclusions that conflicted with the previously cited Carter et al. (2016, in press) and Copus et al. (2016) reports pertaining to morphological identification, DNA analysis, and ecological equivalency to a subset of the Joint Committee convened in April 2016, to specifically address the taxonomy of the roundtail chub complex. Response: We were present at the April 2016 Joint Committee webinar, and experts beyond Carter and Copus, such as Brandenburg, Schwemm, Dowling, O'Neill, and Chafin, also provided information based on research they either had previously conducted or are currently conducting on Gila. A complete list of references cited may be obtained on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov and upon request from the Arizona Ecological Services Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). The Service has reviewed the best available scientific and commercial data and found a lack of sufficient evidence to support more than one species. (5) Comment: This taxonomic dispute is not simply an academic exercise of whether to lump or split taxa, because the decision has enormous implications for the conservation of imperiled species. Multiple experts recommended that the roundtail chub complex, however it is constituted, be managed as separate populations or managed as a complex. Response: The Service recognizes that multiple experts agree that conservation actions must be directed at the population level and must include consideration of the complex as a whole (Dowling et al. 2008, pp. 30-31; Dowling and DeMarais 1993, p. 445; Gerber et al. 2001, p. 2037; Schwemm 2006, pp. 32-33). However, the Service must adhere to the Act and its implementing regulations, which define a ``species'' as any species or subspecies of fish, wildlife, or plant, and any distinct population segment of any vertebrate species which interbreeds when mature (16 U.S.C. 1532(16) and 50 CFR 424.02). The best available scientific and commercial data as discussed above in the Taxonomy section, support recognition of only one species, Gila robusta. The Service's withdrawal of our proposed rule to list the headwater and roundtail chub based on new taxonomic classification does not diminish the conservation efforts of our partners to conserve this species and habitat, nor does our decision affect the State's ability to conserve this species under its own authority. The Arizona Game and Fish Department recognizes the importance of conserving the currently recognized roundtail chub population rangewide (including the formerly known headwater chub and Gila chub) and is committed to the conservation agreements and practices that have been in place since 2006 (AGFD 2017, entire; AGFD 2006, entire). (6) Comment: Multiple commenters raised concerns with Copus et al. (2016) methods and conclusions, particularly small sample size, lack of key analytical and laboratory steps, the study's DNA sequence data filtering and analyses that failed to follow best practices for phylogenetic analysis, and specimen shrinkage associated with duration of preservation impacting morphological diagnostics. Response: The Service did not rely solely on Copus et al. 2016. We considered the best available commercial and scientific data; you may obtain a complete list of references cited on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov and upon request from the Arizona Ecological Services Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). In regards to the mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis, Copus et al.'s findings are consistent with Sch[ouml]nhuth et al.'s (2014) and Sch[ouml]nhuth et al.'s (2012) mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis. In addition, multiple genetic analysis studies have been conducted that indicate population-level differences, but do not identify genetic markers that have the ability to distinguish among G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia (DeMarais 1992, pp. 2748-2749; Schwemm 2006, p. 29; Dowling et al. 2008, p. 2, and 2015, p. 13). In regards to morphological diagnostic errors due to using preserved specimens, Copus et al. (2016) did use preserved specimens. However, they also analyzed fresh material and concluded that no single diagnostic character can be used for species identification, and with considerable overlap among species in every morphological character, no suite of characters can distinguish species unambiguously (Copus et al. 2016, p. 13). Brandenburg et al. (2015, entire) also reported overlap in the meristic and morphometric characteristics, records of many individual fish with intermediate physical characteristics, and even those characters that do not overlap are separated by very small margins making species-level identification of individual fish problematic, even when the geographic origin of the species is known. Public Comments (7) Comment: Multiple commenters requested various listing alternatives under the Act including: List G. robusta as threatened and encompass all populations of the chub complex within the Gila basin requiring a revision of the recovery plan, list G. robusta and G. nigra as threatened and retain the current endangered species status of G. intermedia, list G. robusta as threatened and retain the current endangered species status of G. intermedia, or other combinations. Response: The Service must adhere to the Act and its implementing regulations, which define a ``species'' as any species or subspecies of fish, wildlife, or plant, and any distinct population segment of any vertebrate species which interbreeds when mature (16 U.S.C. 1532(16) and 50 CFR 424.02), and based on our review, the best available scientific and commercial data [[Page 16986]] support recognition of only one species, Gila robusta. As the headwater chub and roundtail chub DPS no longer meet the definition of a ``species'' under the Act, we must withdraw our proposed rule to list them as threatened species. (8) Comment: Multiple commenters stated that there is a great amount of morphological overlap among counts and measures for these chub taxa and that this has long been recognized. If a taxonomic key is not 100 percent correct, that does not necessarily mean that these are not taxa that are biologically distinct at the specific level. A test of the key would require the a priori identification of each individual to species. Rather than dismiss the species' taxonomic status, biologists should be working to make a better key that can be used in the field for the effective identification and management of the species. Response: We recognize that diagnostic keys do not produce correct results all the time, whether due to human error or morphological similarities among purported species. However, Copus et al. (2016, p. 13) concluded that, based on genetic analysis, no single diagnostic character can be used for species identification, and with considerable overlap among species in every morphological character, no suite of characters can distinguish species unambiguously. Brandenburg et al. (2015, entire) also reported overlap in the meristic and morphometric characteristics, and there are many individual fish whose morphology resides on an intermediate spectrum, and even those characters that do not overlap are separated by very small margins, making species-level identification of individual fish problematic, even if the geographic origin of the species is known. In regards to a priori identification of fish, assignment to species has been based on the stream in which the fish occurs (Minckley and DeMarais 2000, p. 252), so the identification of the fish that occurs in each stream is assumed to be known. Consequently, there exists the ability to compare findings from the diagnostic key to the fish within a particular stream. An updated key may be prudent; however, the Service must use the best available scientific and commercial data available, and we have concluded from our review that the data currently support only one species, Gila robusta. Further, given the overlap in diagnostic characteristics, the development of a valid key seems unlikely. (9) Comment: Multiple commenters stated that it has long been hypothesized that G. nigra formed as the result of hybridization between the other two taxa, so we would expect the greatest morphological overlap from that species with the other two taxa. The question then becomes, is G. nigra continuing to differentiate from ancestral G. robusta? When in sympatry, G. nigra and G. robusta are becoming increasingly reproductively isolated from one another (Desert Fishes Council meeting, Dowling et al. 2016). Response: We recognize that multiple studies have indicated that hybridization has occurred among G. intermedia and G. robusta resulting in G. nigra and that continuing evolution may occur (Schwemm 2006; Dowling et al. 2008, entire). However, there has also been information presented showing no evidence of the hybrid origin of G. nigra, and that G. intermedia and G. nigra evolved separately in non-overlapping areas (parapatry) (Chafin 2016, entire). In addition, past research (Dowling et al. 2008, 2015; Schwemm 2006) indicate that there is more variation among populations and unique genetics within specific populations (streams). (10) Comment: If only G. robusta and G. intermedia are evaluated, there is no question that they would be considered distinct morphological species. Response: Carter et al. (2016, in press) found that the physical characteristics did not reliably differentiate among G. robusta, G. intermedia, and G. nigra. In addition, Brandenburg et al. (2015, pp. 8- 9) found physically similarity of the three species, as numerous individuals exhibited intermediate characters along the species gradient. The discriminant function analysis (a statistical analysis tool to determine which variables discriminate between two or more naturally occurring groups) classified only 16 percent (n = 42) of G. intermedia (the fewest) while the majority of the samples were classified as G. robusta (53.2 percent, n = 140), which indicates that the ability to classify these fish correctly to G. intermedia or G. robusta based on physical characteristics was low. Due to the complex genetic makeup and observable characteristics or traits (i.e., physical appearance, behavior, or physiology) of these species, there are some stream locations where we do not know where the geographic overlap of headwater, roundtail, and, in some cases Gila chub, begins and ends, because of the plasticity of observable characteristics or traits of these fish within individual streams. Our review of the data does indicate that there are differences in observable characteristics or traits between the fish in different streams, but the Societies' review, as well as the Service review, of the best available scientific and commercial data did not result in a species-level differentiation between G. robusta and G. intermedia, or among G. robusta, G. intermedia, and G. nigra. (11) Comment: One commenter recommend that we proceed with an amended recovery plan to list the status of this species as threatened under the Act. The listing of this species is necessary even if all populations of G. intermedia and G. nigra are subsumed into G. robusta. Response: An assessment of the entire range of the new taxonomic group of roundtail chub is planned. We are initiating a status review of the new taxonomic entity in 2 to 4 years. Following that review, we will take action as appropriate. Determinations An entity may only be listed under the Act if that entity meets the Act's definition of a species. The recent report by the Societies indicates that neither the headwater chub nor the roundtail chub can be considered species, as defined by the Act. Under section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532(16)) and associated implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.02, a ``species'' is defined to include any species or subspecies of fish, wildlife, or plant, and any distinct population segment of any vertebrate species which interbreeds when mature. The Act's implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.11(a) and the Service Director's November 25, 1992, ``Taxonomy and the Endangered Species Act'' Memorandum (Memo) provide additional guidance on how to consider taxonomic information when assessing a species for listing under the Act. The regulations at 50 CFR 424.11(a) state, ``In determining whether a particular taxon or population is a species for the purposes of the Act, the Secretary [of the Interior] shall rely on standard taxonomic distinction and the biological expertise of the Department [of the Interior] and the scientific community concerning the relevant taxonomic group.'' The Director's Memo specifies that the Service is ``required to exercise a degree of scientific judgment regarding the acceptance of taxonomic interpretations, particularly when more than one possible interpretation is available. The Memo further states, ``When informed taxonomic opinion is not unanimous, we evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to our own adequately documented conclusion regarding the validity of taxa.'' The Act requires that we finalize, modify, or withdraw the proposed rule [[Page 16987]] within 12 months. The Act provides for one 6-month extension for scientific uncertainty, which we have used. As such, we are required to make a decision regarding the entities' eligibility for listing at this time. In addition, section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act requires the Service to make listing or delisting decisions based on the best scientific and commercial data available. Further, our Policy on Information Standards under the Act (July 1, 1994; 59 FR 34271), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality Guidelines (https://www.fws.gov/informationquality), provide criteria, guidance, and establish procedures to ensure that our decisions are based on the best scientific data available. They require us, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of the best scientific data available, to use primary and original sources of information as the basis for recommendations. Primary or original information sources are those that are closest to the subject being studied, as opposed to those that cite, comment on, or build upon primary sources. The Act and our regulations do not require us to use only peer-reviewed literature, but instead they require us to use the ``best scientific and commercial data available.'' We use information from many different sources, including articles in peer-reviewed journals, scientific status surveys and studies completed by qualified individuals, Master's thesis research that has been reviewed but not published in a journal, other unpublished governmental and nongovernmental reports, reports prepared by industry, personal communication about management or other relevant topics, conservation plans developed by States and counties, biological assessments, other unpublished materials, experts' opinions or personal knowledge, and other sources. We conducted a similar internal review of the information presented by and available to the Societies in their review. Our review primarily focused on Marsh et al. (2016), Carter et al. (2016, in press), Copus et al. (2016), Minckley and DeMarais (2000), and Chafin et al. (2015), as well as other literature as discussed above in the Taxonomy section. In their most recent publication of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes (Page et al. 2013, p. 8), the Societies state the following regarding the common process of their naming committee: ``In accepting species as valid from various works, we made little or no judgment on authors' species concepts. Taxa of uncertain status were dealt with on a case-by-case basis.'' Based on the Societies' expertise and their internal guidance (stated above) on making such decisions, we conclude that the preponderance of evidence before them was clear and decisive enough to make a taxonomic change. After reviewing the best available scientific and commercial information (as described above in the Taxonomy section and summarized below) and applying statutory and regulatory guidance, we determined that the Societies' report considered the best commercial and scientific data available. We agree with the conclusion that available data support recognition of only one species, Gila robusta. Our determination is based on various factors, including the method of original assignment to species, hybridization events, conflicting identification of species based on morphology versus genetics, evolutionary history, morphological identification limitations, and lack of genetic markers to identify species. We lack confidence in the initial species assignments to G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia due to the scientific methods used (fish were assigned to a species based on the stream in which they occurred, the erroneous assumption that these fish did not overlap geographically, and the absence of genetic or morphological diagnostic information). Minckley and DeMarais (2000, entire) based their diagnostic key on the assumption that none of these species occurs in the same locality; however, they acknowledge hybridization among G. robusta and G. intermedia. Further, other studies have found that fish designated as G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia overlap geographically or occur adjacent to one another (Dowling and Marsh 2009, p. 1; Marsh et al. 2016, p. 57; Brandenburg et al. 2015, p. 18). In addition, some populations appeared to conflict genetically with the species-level assignment based on morphology (Dowling et al. 2015, pp. 14-15). Multiple scientists (as described above) found Minckley and DeMarais's (2000, entire) key for identification of G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia to not reliably differentiate among these three fish. In Fossil Creek, Marsh et al. (2016, entire) concluded there are two morphologically similar, but genetically distinguishable chub. However, there are several genetic analysis studies indicating population-level differences among these fish, but the studies were not able to identify genetic markers distinguishing between the three fish. Finally, Sch[ouml]nhuth et al. (2014, p. 223) found that G. robusta, G. nigra, and G. intermedia were in one grouping that included a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor (clade), and hypothesized this could reflect incomplete lineage sorting or hybridization, but this was not studied. For the purposes of our determination, we accept the ``single species'' finding by the Societies described above and, consequently, withdraw the proposed rule to list the headwater chub (Gila nigra) and a DPS of the roundtail chub (Gila robusta) from the lower Colorado River basin as threatened species under the Act. This withdrawal is based on a thorough review of the best scientific and commercial data available, which indicate that the headwater chub and the DPS of the roundtail chub are not discrete taxonomic entities and do not meet the definition of species under the Act. These fish are now recognized as a single taxonomic species--the roundtail chub (Gila robusta). Because the entities previously proposed for listing are no longer recognized as species, as defined by the Act, we have determined that they are not listable entities, and we are withdrawing our proposed rule to list. Future Actions Following the publication of this withdrawal, we intend to reevaluate the status of the Gila chub (currently listed as endangered) in the near future and initiate a range-wide species status assessment (SSA) of the newly-recognized roundtail chub (Gila robusta). References Cited A complete list of references cited in this document is available on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov and upon request from the Arizona Ecological Services Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). Authors The primary authors of this document are the staff members of the Arizona Ecological Services Office. Authority The authority for this action is section 4(b)(6)(B)(ii) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) [[Page 16988]] Dated: March 21, 2017. James W. Kurth, Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [FR Doc. 2017-06995 Filed 4-6-17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4333-15-P
![Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 66 / Friday, April 7, 2017 / Proposed Rules 16981
online instructions for submitting Dated: March 22, 2017. Section, Air Planning and
comments. Once submitted, comments Robert A. Kaplan, Implementation Branch, Air, Pesticides
cannot be edited or removed from Acting Regional Administrator, Region 5. and Toxics Management Division, U.S.
Regulations.gov. For either manner of [FR Doc. 2017–06883 Filed 4–6–17; 8:45 am] Environmental Protection Agency,
submission, EPA may publish any BILLING CODE 6560–50–P Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street SW.,
comment received to its public docket. Atlanta, Georgia 30303–8960. Mr. Akers
Do not submit electronically any can be reached via telephone at (404)
information you consider to be ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 562–9089 or via electronic mail at
Confidential Business Information (CBI) AGENCY akers.brad@epa.gov.
or other information whose disclosure is SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In the
restricted by statute. Multimedia 40 CFR Part 52 Final Rules section of this Federal
submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be [EPA–R04–OAR–2016–0575; FRL–9960–56– Register, EPA is approving the State’s
accompanied by a written comment. Region 4] SIP revision as a direct final rule
The written comment is considered the without prior proposal because the
official comment and should include Air Plan Approval; Tennessee: Agency views this as a noncontroversial
discussion of all points you wish to Reasonable Measures Required submittal and anticipates no adverse
make. EPA will generally not consider comments. A detailed rationale for the
AGENCY: Environmental Protection
comments or comment contents located approval is set forth in the direct final
Agency.
outside of the primary submission (i.e. rule. If no adverse comments are
ACTION: Proposed rule.
on the web, cloud, or other file sharing received in response to this rule, no
system). For additional submission SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection further activity is contemplated. If EPA
methods, please contact the person Agency (EPA) is proposing to approve a receives adverse comments, the direct
identified in the FOR FURTHER State Implementation Plan (SIP) final rule will be withdrawn and all
INFORMATION CONTACT section. For the revision submitted by the State of public comments received will be
full EPA public comment policy, Tennessee, through the Tennessee addressed in a subsequent final rule
information about CBI or multimedia Department of Environment and based on this proposed rule. EPA will
submissions, and general guidance on Conservation (TDEC), on March 25, not institute a second comment period
making effective comments, please visit 1999. The SIP submittal includes a on this document. Any parties
http://www2.epa.gov/dockets/ change to the TDEC regulation interested in commenting on this
commenting-epa-dockets. ‘‘Reasonable Measures Required.’’ EPA document should do so at this time.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Matt is proposing to approve this SIP revision Dated: March 15, 2017.
Rau, Environmental Engineer, Control because it is consistent with the Clean
V. Anne Heard,
Strategies Section, Air Programs Branch Air Act and federal regulations
(AR–18J), Environmental Protection governing SIPs. Acting Regional Administrator, Region 4.
Agency, Region 5, 77 West Jackson [FR Doc. 2017–06878 Filed 4–6–17; 8:45 am]
DATES: Written comments must be
Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604, received on or before May 8, 2017. BILLING CODE 6560–50–P
(312) 886–6524, rau.matthew@epa.gov. ADDRESSES: Submit your comments,
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In the identified by Docket ID No. EPA–R04–
Final Rules section of this Federal OAR–2016–0575 at http:// DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Register, EPA is approving the State’s www.regulations.gov. Follow the online
SIP submittal as a direct final rule instructions for submitting comments. Fish and Wildlife Service
without prior proposal because the Once submitted, comments cannot be
Agency views this as a noncontroversial edited or removed from Regulations.gov. 50 CFR Part 17
submittal and anticipates no adverse EPA may publish any comment received [Docket No. FWS–R2–ES–2015–0148;
comments. A detailed rationale for the to its public docket. Do not submit 4500030113]
approval is set forth in the direct final electronically any information you
rule. If no adverse comments are consider to be Confidential Business RIN 1018–BA86
received in response to this rule, no Information (CBI) or other information
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
further activity is contemplated. If EPA whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
and Plants; Threatened Species Status
receives adverse comments, the direct Multimedia submissions (audio, video,
for the Headwater Chub and Roundtail
final rule will be withdrawn and all etc.) must be accompanied by a written
Chub Distinct Population Segment
public comments received will be comment. The written comment is
addressed in a subsequent final rule considered the official comment and AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service,
based on this proposed rule. EPA will should include discussion of all points Interior.
not institute a second comment period. you wish to make. EPA will generally ACTION: Proposed rule; withdrawal.
Any parties interested in commenting not consider comments or comment
on this action should do so at this time. contents located outside of the primary SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and
Please note that if EPA receives adverse submission (i.e., on the web, cloud, or Wildlife Service (Service), withdraw the
comment on an amendment, paragraph, other file sharing system). For proposed rule to list the headwater chub
or section of this rule and if that additional submission methods, the full (Gila nigra) and a distinct population
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provision may be severed from the EPA public comment policy, segment (DPS) of the roundtail chub
remainder of the rule, EPA may adopt information about CBI or multimedia (Gila robusta) from the lower Colorado
as final those provisions of the rule that submissions, and general guidance on River basin as threatened species under
are not the subject of an adverse making effective comments, please visit the Endangered Species Act (Act). This
comment. For additional information, http://www2.epa.gov/dockets/ withdrawal is based on a thorough
see the direct final rule which is located commenting-epa-dockets. review of the best scientific and
in the Rules section of this Federal FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: D. commercial data available, which
Register. Brad Akers, Air Regulatory Management indicate that the headwater chub and
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![16986 Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 66 / Friday, April 7, 2017 / Proposed Rules
support recognition of only one species, result of hybridization between the well as the Service review, of the best
Gila robusta. As the headwater chub other two taxa, so we would expect the available scientific and commercial data
and roundtail chub DPS no longer meet greatest morphological overlap from that did not result in a species-level
the definition of a ‘‘species’’ under the species with the other two taxa. The differentiation between G. robusta and
Act, we must withdraw our proposed question then becomes, is G. nigra G. intermedia, or among G. robusta, G.
rule to list them as threatened species. continuing to differentiate from intermedia, and G. nigra.
(8) Comment: Multiple commenters ancestral G. robusta? When in sympatry, (11) Comment: One commenter
stated that there is a great amount of G. nigra and G. robusta are becoming recommend that we proceed with an
morphological overlap among counts increasingly reproductively isolated amended recovery plan to list the status
and measures for these chub taxa and from one another (Desert Fishes Council of this species as threatened under the
that this has long been recognized. If a meeting, Dowling et al. 2016). Act. The listing of this species is
taxonomic key is not 100 percent Response: We recognize that multiple necessary even if all populations of G.
correct, that does not necessarily mean studies have indicated that intermedia and G. nigra are subsumed
that these are not taxa that are hybridization has occurred among G. into G. robusta.
biologically distinct at the specific level. intermedia and G. robusta resulting in Response: An assessment of the entire
A test of the key would require the a G. nigra and that continuing evolution range of the new taxonomic group of
priori identification of each individual may occur (Schwemm 2006; Dowling et roundtail chub is planned. We are
to species. Rather than dismiss the al. 2008, entire). However, there has initiating a status review of the new
species’ taxonomic status, biologists also been information presented taxonomic entity in 2 to 4 years.
should be working to make a better key showing no evidence of the hybrid Following that review, we will take
that can be used in the field for the origin of G. nigra, and that G. action as appropriate.
effective identification and management intermedia and G. nigra evolved Determinations
of the species. separately in non-overlapping areas
Response: We recognize that (parapatry) (Chafin 2016, entire). In An entity may only be listed under
diagnostic keys do not produce correct addition, past research (Dowling et al. the Act if that entity meets the Act’s
results all the time, whether due to 2008, 2015; Schwemm 2006) indicate definition of a species. The recent report
human error or morphological that there is more variation among by the Societies indicates that neither
similarities among purported species. populations and unique genetics within the headwater chub nor the roundtail
However, Copus et al. (2016, p. 13) specific populations (streams). chub can be considered species, as
concluded that, based on genetic (10) Comment: If only G. robusta and defined by the Act. Under section 3 of
analysis, no single diagnostic character G. intermedia are evaluated, there is no the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532(16)) and
can be used for species identification, question that they would be considered associated implementing regulations at
and with considerable overlap among distinct morphological species. 50 CFR 424.02, a ‘‘species’’ is defined to
species in every morphological Response: Carter et al. (2016, in press) include any species or subspecies of
character, no suite of characters can found that the physical characteristics fish, wildlife, or plant, and any distinct
distinguish species unambiguously. did not reliably differentiate among G. population segment of any vertebrate
Brandenburg et al. (2015, entire) also robusta, G. intermedia, and G. nigra. In species which interbreeds when mature.
reported overlap in the meristic and addition, Brandenburg et al. (2015, pp. The Act’s implementing regulations at
morphometric characteristics, and there 8–9) found physically similarity of the 50 CFR 424.11(a) and the Service
are many individual fish whose three species, as numerous individuals Director’s November 25, 1992,
morphology resides on an intermediate exhibited intermediate characters along ‘‘Taxonomy and the Endangered Species
spectrum, and even those characters the species gradient. The discriminant Act’’ Memorandum (Memo) provide
that do not overlap are separated by function analysis (a statistical analysis additional guidance on how to consider
very small margins, making species- tool to determine which variables taxonomic information when assessing a
level identification of individual fish discriminate between two or more species for listing under the Act. The
problematic, even if the geographic naturally occurring groups) classified regulations at 50 CFR 424.11(a) state,
origin of the species is known. In only 16 percent (n = 42) of G. ‘‘In determining whether a particular
regards to a priori identification of fish, intermedia (the fewest) while the taxon or population is a species for the
assignment to species has been based on majority of the samples were classified purposes of the Act, the Secretary [of
the stream in which the fish occurs as G. robusta (53.2 percent, n = 140), the Interior] shall rely on standard
(Minckley and DeMarais 2000, p. 252), which indicates that the ability to taxonomic distinction and the biological
so the identification of the fish that classify these fish correctly to G. expertise of the Department [of the
occurs in each stream is assumed to be intermedia or G. robusta based on Interior] and the scientific community
known. Consequently, there exists the physical characteristics was low. Due to concerning the relevant taxonomic
ability to compare findings from the the complex genetic makeup and group.’’ The Director’s Memo specifies
diagnostic key to the fish within a observable characteristics or traits (i.e., that the Service is ‘‘required to exercise
particular stream. An updated key may physical appearance, behavior, or a degree of scientific judgment regarding
be prudent; however, the Service must physiology) of these species, there are the acceptance of taxonomic
use the best available scientific and some stream locations where we do not interpretations, particularly when more
commercial data available, and we have know where the geographic overlap of than one possible interpretation is
concluded from our review that the data headwater, roundtail, and, in some available. The Memo further states,
nlaroche on DSK30NT082PROD with PROPOSALS
currently support only one species, Gila cases Gila chub, begins and ends, ‘‘When informed taxonomic opinion is
robusta. Further, given the overlap in because of the plasticity of observable not unanimous, we evaluate available
diagnostic characteristics, the characteristics or traits of these fish published and unpublished information
development of a valid key seems within individual streams. Our review and come to our own adequately
unlikely. of the data does indicate that there are documented conclusion regarding the
(9) Comment: Multiple commenters differences in observable characteristics validity of taxa.’’
stated that it has long been or traits between the fish in different The Act requires that we finalize,
hypothesized that G. nigra formed as the streams, but the Societies’ review, as modify, or withdraw the proposed rule
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![16988 Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 66 / Friday, April 7, 2017 / Proposed Rules
Dated: March 21, 2017.
James W. Kurth,
Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
[FR Doc. 2017–06995 Filed 4–6–17; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4333–15–P
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Document Created: 2017-04-06 23:49:42
Document Modified: 2017-04-06 23:49:42
| Category | Regulatory Information | |
| Collection | Federal Register | |
| sudoc Class | AE 2.7: GS 4.107: AE 2.106: | |
| Publisher | Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration | |
| Section | Proposed Rules | |
| Action | Proposed rule; withdrawal. | |
| Contact | Steve Spangle, Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Ecological Services Office, 9828 North 31st Ave., #C3, Phoenix, AZ 85051-2517; telephone 602-242-0210. Persons who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) may call the Federal Relay Services at 800-877-8339. | |
| FR Citation | 82 FR 16981 | |
| RIN Number | 1018-BA86 |
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