82 FR 47084 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Federal Aviation Administration Federal Register Volume 82, Issue 195 (October 11, 2017)
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Register Volume 82, Issue 195 (October 11, 2017)
| Page Range | 47084-47091 | |
| FR Document | 2017-21224 |
[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 195 (Wednesday, October 11, 2017)] [Rules and Regulations] [Pages 47084-47091] From the Federal Register Online [www.thefederalregister.org] [FR Doc No: 2017-21224] ======================================================================= ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 [Docket No. FAA-2017-0624; Product Identifier 2016-NM-135-AD; Amendment 39-19067; AD 2017-20-10] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of Transportation (DOT). ACTION: Final rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for all Airbus Model A319 series airplanes, Model A320-211, -212, -214, -231, - 232, and -233 airplanes, and Model A321-111, -112, -131, -211, -212, - 213, -231, and -232 airplanes. This AD was prompted by a runway excursion due to an unexpected thrust increase leading to an unstable approach performed using the current flight management and guidance computer (FMGC) standard. This AD requires identification of potentially affected FMGCs, replacement of any affected FMGC, and applicable concurrent actions. We are issuing this AD to address the unsafe condition on these products. DATES: This AD is effective November 15, 2017. The Director of the Federal Register approved the incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in this AD as of November 15, 2017. ADDRESSES: For service information identified in this final rule, contact Airbus, Airworthiness Office--EIAS, 1 Rond Point Maurice Bellonte, 31707 Blagnac Cedex, France; telephone +33 5 61 93 36 96; fax +33 5 61 93 44 51; email [email protected]; Internet http://www.airbus.com. You may view this referenced service information at the FAA, Transport Standards Branch, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA. For information on the availability of this material at the FAA, call 425-227-1221. It is also available on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA-2017- 0624. Examining the AD Docket You may examine the AD docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA-2017- 0624; or in person at the Docket Management Facility between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. The AD docket contains this AD, the regulatory evaluation, any comments received, and other information. The street address for the Docket Office (telephone 800-647-5527) is Docket Management Facility, U.S. Department of Transportation, Docket Operations, M-30, West Building Ground Floor, Room W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Sanjay Ralhan, Aerospace Engineer, International Section, Transport Standards Branch, FAA, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA 98057-3356; telephone 425-227-1405; fax 425-227- 1149. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Discussion We issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) to amend 14 CFR part 39 by adding an AD that would apply to all Airbus Model A319 series airplanes, Model A320-211, -212, -214, -231, -232, and -233 airplanes, and Model A321-111, -112, -131, -211, -212, -213, -231, and -232 airplanes. The NPRM published in the Federal Register on June 29, 2017 (82 FR 29440) (``the NPRM''). The NPRM was prompted by a runway excursion due to an unexpected thrust increase leading to an unstable approach performed using the current FMGC standard. The NPRM proposed to require identification of potentially affected FMGCs, replacement of any affected FMGC, and applicable concurrent actions. We are issuing this AD to prevent unstable approaches due to an unexpected thrust increase, which could result in reduced [[Page 47085]] controllability of the airplane and runway excursions. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which is the Technical Agent for the Member States of the European Union, has issued EASA Airworthiness Directive 2016-0122, dated June 21, 2016 (referred to after this as the Mandatory Continuing Airworthiness Information, or ``the MCAI''), to correct an unsafe condition for all Airbus Model A319 series airplanes, Model A320-211, -212, -214, -231, -232, and -233 airplanes, and Model A321-111, -112, -131, -211, -212, -213, -231, and 232 airplanes. The MCAI states: Following an instrument landing system (ILS) approach, during night, in rainy condition, an A321 aeroplane experienced a longitudinal runway excursion. Investigation revealed that the approach was not stabilized with an overspeed of 19 knots (kts) over the runway threshold, followed by a long flare (18 seconds) with touchdown far behind the touchdown zone. The aeroplane exited the runway at 75 kts and came to rest around 300 meters beyond the end of the runway. During the final approach, at 150 feet Radio Altimeter (RA) altitude, the corrected airspeed of the aeroplane was 165 kts (24 kts overspeed). Auto thrust (ATHR) commanded a transient N1 increase up to 70% due to the ATHR speed Mach control law. The ATHR system on A320 family aeroplane was designed to maintain accurately the aircraft speed/Mach to speed/Mach target by commanding the thrust, featuring also a trade-off at low altitude between thrust corrections to maintain speed equal to speed target and too large thrust corrections destabilizing the aircraft trajectory near the ground. The conclusions of the investigations were that the main contributor to this runway excursion was a non- stabilized approach not followed by a go-around. ATHR misbehaviour in case of large overspeed led to an unexpected thrust increase, which is considered as a contributor to the long flare. This ATHR characteristic, reported as ``Spurious thrust increase during approach,'' was initially found in 1996 and a modification was developed and introduced in Flight Guidance (FG) 2G standard ``C8 or I8'' (C for CFM engines and I for IAE engines) in 2001. Prompted by these findings, Airbus introduced a programme to encourage operators to replace the FMGC Legacy with the FMGC equipped with Flight Management System type 2 (FMS2) and FG standard, which introduces additional operational capabilities, including Runway Overrun Protection System/Runway Overrun Warning (ROPS/ROW) and Autopilot/Traffic Collision Avoidance System (AP/ TCAS). It was determined that the ROPS, in a scenario similar to the one described above, would have triggered a <> aural alert before touchdown. Information was made available through Airbus Service Information Letter (SIL) 22-039 (later superseded by Word In Service Experience (WISE) In Service Information 22.83.00003), and EASA published Safety Information Bulletin (SIB) 2013-19, recommending the FMGC upgrade. Since EASA SIB was published, it was determined that many operators have chosen not to implement the optional upgrade that improves the ATHR behaviour. More recently, prompted by a recommendation from the BEA (Bureau d'Enqu[ecirc]tes et d'Analyses pour la s[eacute]curit[eacute] de l'aviation civile) of France, to reduce the risk of further runway excursions due to uninterrupted unstable approaches performed with the legacy FMGC standard, EASA decided to require installation of at least the first version of the FMS2 and associated FG for legacy aeroplanes. DGAC [Direction G[eacute]n[eacute]rale de l'Aviation Civile] France issued AD 1999-411-140(B)R1 [which corresponds to FAA AD 2000-12-13, Amendment 39-11791 (65 FR 37845, June 19, 2000) (``AD 2000-12-13'')] and AD 1998-226-119(B)R1 [which corresponds to FAA AD 98-19-08, Amendment 39-10750 (63 FR 50503, September 22, 1998)] to address different unsafe conditions, requiring to install a certain previous FMGC standard that may be susceptible to the ``Spurious thrust increase during approach''. For the reasons described above, this [EASA] AD * * * requires replacement of the affected FMGC units with upgraded units [and applicable concurrent actions]. Concurrent actions include the installation of certain FMGCs, wiring, display management computers, wiring associated with pin programming, and applicable operational program configuration disks. You may examine the MCAI in the AD docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA-2017- 0624. Comments We gave the public the opportunity to participate in developing this AD. We considered the comment received. Air Line Pilots Association, International supported the NPRM. Conclusion We reviewed the relevant data, considered the comment received, and determined that air safety and the public interest require adopting this AD as proposed, except for minor editorial changes. We have determined that these minor changes: Are consistent with the intent that was proposed in the NPRM for correcting the unsafe condition; and Do not add any additional burden upon the public than was already proposed in the NPRM. Related Service Information Under 1 CFR Part 51 Airbus has issued the following service information, which describes procedures for replacement of any affected FMGC with a serviceable FMGC. These documents are distinct since they apply to different airplane configurations. Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1090, Revision 11, dated July 20, 2004. Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1103, Revision 04, dated March 12, 2004. Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1116, Revision 04, dated March 29, 2004. Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1152, Revision 03, dated February 18, 2005. Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1243, Revision 05, dated May 31, 2010. Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1519, Revision 02, dated December 21, 2015. This service information is reasonably available because the interested parties have access to it through their normal course of business or by the means identified in the ADDRESSES section. Costs of Compliance We estimate that this AD affects 1,032 airplanes of U.S. registry. We estimate the following costs to comply with this AD: Estimated Costs ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cost per Cost on U.S. Action Labor cost Parts cost product operators ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Inspection............................ 1 work-hour x $85 per $0 $85 $87,720 hour = $85. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We estimate the following costs to do any necessary replacements required based on the results of the inspection. We have no way of determining the number of aircraft that might need these replacements. [[Page 47086]] On-Condition Costs ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cost per Action Labor cost Parts cost product ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Replacement................................ 9 work-hours x $85 per hour = $765. $30,000 $30,765 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Authority for This Rulemaking Title 49 of the United States Code specifies the FAA's authority to issue rules on aviation safety. Subtitle I, section 106, describes the authority of the FAA Administrator. ``Subtitle VII: Aviation Programs,'' describes in more detail the scope of the Agency's authority. We are issuing this rulemaking under the authority described in ``Subtitle VII, Part A, Subpart III, Section 44701: General requirements.'' Under that section, Congress charges the FAA with promoting safe flight of civil aircraft in air commerce by prescribing regulations for practices, methods, and procedures the Administrator finds necessary for safety in air commerce. This regulation is within the scope of that authority because it addresses an unsafe condition that is likely to exist or develop on products identified in this rulemaking action. This AD is issued in accordance with authority delegated by the Executive Director, Aircraft Certification Service, as authorized by FAA Order 8000.51C. In accordance with that order, issuance of ADs is normally a function of the Compliance and Airworthiness Division, but during this transition period, the Executive Director has delegated the authority to issue ADs applicable to transport category airplanes to the Director of the System Oversight Division. Regulatory Findings We determined that this AD will not have federalism implications under Executive Order 13132. This AD will not have a substantial direct effect on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government. For the reasons discussed above, I certify that this AD: 1. Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under Executive Order 12866; 2. Is not a ``significant rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); 3. Will not affect intrastate aviation in Alaska; and 4. Will not have a significant economic impact, positive or negative, on a substantial number of small entities under the criteria of the Regulatory Flexibility Act. List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 39 Air transportation, Aircraft, Aviation safety, Incorporation by reference, Safety. Adoption of the Amendment Accordingly, under the authority delegated to me by the Administrator, the FAA amends 14 CFR part 39 as follows: PART 39--AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES 0 1. The authority citation for part 39 continues to read as follows: Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701. Sec. 39.13 [Amended] 0 2. The FAA amends Sec. 39.13 by adding the following new airworthiness directive (AD): 2017-20-10 Airbus: Amendment 39-19067; Docket No. FAA-2017-0624; Product Identifier 2016-NM-135-AD. (a) Effective Date This AD is effective November 15, 2017. (b) Affected ADs This AD affects AD 2000-12-13, Amendment 39-11791 (65 FR 37845, June 19, 2000) (``AD 2000-12-13''). (c) Applicability This AD applies to the Airbus airplanes, certificated in any category, identified in paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(3) of this AD, all manufacturer serial numbers. (1) Airbus Model A319-111, -112, -113, -114, -115, -131, -132, and -133 airplanes. (2) Airbus Model A320-211, -212, -214, -231, -232, and -233 airplanes. (3) Airbus Model A321-111, -112, -131, -211, -212, -213, -231, and -232 airplanes. (d) Subject Air Transport Association (ATA) of America Code 22, Auto Flight. (e) Reason This AD was prompted by a report of a runway excursion due to an unexpected thrust increase leading to an unstable approach performed using the current flight management and guidance computer (FMGC) standard. We are issuing this AD to prevent unstable approaches due to an unexpected thrust increase, which could result in reduced controllability of the airplane and runway excursions. (f) Compliance Comply with this AD within the compliance times specified, unless already done. (g) Inspection and Replacement of Affected FMGC (1) Within 36 months after the effective date of this AD: Inspect the FMGC to determine if any FMGC with an affected part number identified in Figure 1 to paragraphs (g)(1), (g)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), and (j) of this AD is installed. A review of airplane maintenance records is acceptable in lieu of inspecting the FMGC, provided those records can be relied upon for that purpose and the part number of the FMGC can be conclusively identified from that review. (2) If any affected FMGC with an affected part number identified in Figure 1 to paragraphs (g)(1), (g)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), and (j) of this AD is found during any inspection or review required by paragraph (g)(1) of this AD: Within 36 months after the effective date of this AD, replace the FMGC with a serviceable FMGC having a part number that is not identified in Figure 1 to paragraphs (g)(1), (g)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), and (j) of this AD, in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions and paragraph 1.B. (concurrent actions) of the applicable service information specified in paragraphs (g)(2)(i) through (g)(2)(vi) of this AD, or using a method approved by the Manager, International Section, Transport Standards Branch, FAA; or the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA); or Airbus's EASA Design Organization Approval (DOA). Refer to Figure 2 to paragraph (g)(2) of this AD and Figure 3 to paragraph (g)(2) of this AD for the lists of approved eligible FMGCs certified as of the effective date of this AD. (i) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1090, Revision 11, dated July 20, 2004 (installation of FMGC part number (P/N) C13042BA01). (ii) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1103, Revision 04, dated March 12, 2004 (installation of FMGC P/N C13043AA01). (iii) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1116, Revision 04, dated March 29, 2004 (installation of FMGC P/N C13043BA01). (iv) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1152, Revision 03, dated February 18, 2005 (installation of FMGC P/N C13043AA02). (v) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1243, Revision 05, dated May 31, 2010 (installation of FMGC P/N C13043BA04). (vi) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1519, Revision 02, dated December 21, 2015 (installation of FMGC P/N C13207CA00). BILLING CODE 4910-13-P [[Page 47087]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR11OC17.000 [[Page 47088]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR11OC17.001 [[Page 47089]] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR11OC17.002 (h) Unaffected Airplanes (1) An airplane on which Airbus Modification 31896 or Airbus Modification 31897 has been embodied in production is not affected by the requirements of paragraph (g) of this AD, provided it is conclusively determined that no FMGC with an affected part number identified in Figure 1 to paragraphs (g)(1), (g)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), and (j) of this AD has been installed on that airplane since the date of issuance of the original certificate of airworthiness or the original export certificate of airworthiness. A review of airplane maintenance records is acceptable to make this determination provided those records can be relied upon for that purpose and the part number of the FMGC can be conclusively identified from that review. (2) An airplane on which the actions specified in paragraph (g)(2) have been done before the effective date of this AD is not affected by the requirements in paragraph (g) of this AD, provided it is conclusively determined that no FMGC with an affected part number identified in Figure 1 to paragraphs (g)(1), (g)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), and (j) of this AD has been installed on that airplane since accomplishing the actions specified in paragraph (g)(2) of this AD. A review of airplane maintenance records is acceptable to make this determination provided those records can be relied upon for that purpose and the part number of the FMGC can be conclusively identified from that review. (i) Parts Installation Limitation Installation of an FMGC standard approved after the effective date of this AD on any airplane, is acceptable for compliance with the actions required by paragraph (g)(2) of this AD, provided the conditions specified in paragraphs (i)(1) and (i)(2) of this AD are accomplished. (1) The software and hardware standard, as applicable, must be approved by the [[Page 47090]] Manager, International Section, Transport Standards Branch, FAA; or EASA; or Airbus's EASA DOA. (2) The installation must be accomplished using airplane modification instructions approved by the Manager, International Section, Transport Standards Branch, FAA; or EASA; or Airbus's EASA DOA. (j) Parts Installation Prohibition As of the effective date of this AD, no person may install on any airplane an FMGC with an affected part number identified in Figure 1 to paragraphs (g)(1), (g)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), and (j) of this AD. (k) Credit for Previous Actions This paragraph provides credit for actions required by paragraph (g)(2) of this AD, if those actions were performed before the effective date of this AD using the applicable service information identified in Figure 4 to paragraph (k) of this AD. [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR11OC17.003 BILLING CODE 4910-13-C (l) Terminating Action for Other ADs Accomplishing the actions required by paragraph (g)(1) of this AD, and, as applicable, paragraph (g)(2) of this AD, terminates all requirements of AD 2000-12-13. (m) Other FAA AD Provisions The following provisions also apply to this AD: (1) Alternative Methods of Compliance (AMOCs): The Manager, International Section, Transport Standards Branch, FAA, has the authority to approve AMOCs for this AD, if requested using the procedures found in 14 CFR 39.19. In accordance with 14 CFR 39.19, send your request to your principal inspector or local Flight Standards District Office, as appropriate. If sending information directly to the manager of the International Section, send it to the attention of the person identified in paragraph (n)(2) of this AD. Information may be emailed to: [email protected]. Before using [[Page 47091]] any approved AMOC, notify your appropriate principal inspector, or lacking a principal inspector, the manager of the local flight standards district office/certificate holding district office. (2) Contacting the Manufacturer: For any requirement in this AD to obtain corrective actions from a manufacturer, the action must be accomplished using a method approved by the Manager, International Section, Transport Standards Branch, FAA; or EASA; or Airbus's EASA DOA. If approved by the DOA, the approval must include the DOA- authorized signature. (n) Related Information (1) Refer to Mandatory Continuing Airworthiness Information (MCAI) EASA Airworthiness Directive 2016-0122, dated June 21, 2016, for related information. This MCAI may be found in the AD docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA-2017-0624. (2) For more information about this AD, contact Sanjay Ralhan, Aerospace Engineer, International Section, Transport Standards Branch, FAA, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA 98057-3356; telephone 425-227-1405; fax 425-227-1149. (3) Service information identified in this AD that is not incorporated by reference is available at the addresses specified in paragraphs (o)(3) and (o)(4) of this AD. (o) Material Incorporated by Reference (1) The Director of the Federal Register approved the incorporation by reference (IBR) of the service information listed in this paragraph under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. (2) You must use this service information as applicable to do the actions required by this AD, unless this AD specifies otherwise. (i) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1090, Revision 11, dated July 20, 2004. (ii) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1103, Revision 04, dated March 12, 2004. (iii) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1116, Revision 04, dated March 29, 2004. (iv) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1152, Revision 03, dated February 18, 2005. (v) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1243, Revision 05, dated May 31, 2010. (vi) Airbus Service Bulletin A320-22-1519, Revision 02, dated December 21, 2015. (3) For service information identified in this AD, contact Airbus, Airworthiness Office--EIAS, 1 Rond Point Maurice Bellonte, 31707 Blagnac Cedex, France; telephone +33 5 61 93 36 96; fax +33 5 61 93 44 51; email [email protected]; Internet http://www.airbus.com. (4) You may view this service information at the FAA, Transport Standards Branch, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA. For information on the availability of this material at the FAA, call 425-227-1221. (5) You may view this service information that is incorporated by reference at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html. Issued in Renton, Washington, on September 20, 2017. Dionne Palermo, Acting Director, System Oversight Division, Aircraft Certification Service. [FR Doc. 2017-21224 Filed 10-10-17; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4910-13-P
![47084 Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 195 / Wednesday, October 11, 2017 / Rules and Regulations
parts have been inoperative since the the Department of the Treasury has Airbus, Airworthiness Office—EIAS, 1
OTS was abolished in 2011. determined that there is no Federal Rond Point Maurice Bellonte, 31707
Furthermore, with respect to the mandate imposed by this rulemaking. Blagnac Cedex, France; telephone +33 5
removal of the parts of chapter V that 61 93 36 96; fax +33 5 61 93 44 51; email
govern savings associations and savings Executive Order 12866
account.airworth-eas@airbus.com;
and loan holding companies, the This rule is not a significant Internet http://www.airbus.com. You
Department of the Treasury finds that regulatory action under Executive Order may view this referenced service
notice and comment under the APA are 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review. information at the FAA, Transport
neither necessary nor in the public Standards Branch, 1601 Lind Avenue
12 CFR Chapter V [Removed]
interest. As discussed above, titles III SW., Renton, WA. For information on
and X of the Dodd-Frank Act transferred ■ For the reasons set forth in the the availability of this material at the
the powers, authorities, rights, and preamble and pursuant to titles III and FAA, call 425–227–1221. It is also
duties of the OTS to the Agencies on X of the Dodd-Frank Act, amend title 12 available on the Internet at http://
July 21, 2011 and abolished the OTS on of the Code of Federal Regulations by www.regulations.gov by searching for
October 19, 2011. Since that time, the removing chapter V. and locating Docket No. FAA–2017–
Agencies have issued rules that Dated: October 4, 2017. 0624.
supersede the OTS regulations relating Kody H. Kinsley,
to savings associations and savings and Examining the AD Docket
Assistant Secretary for Management.
loan holding companies. This final rule You may examine the AD docket on
[FR Doc. 2017–21904 Filed 10–10–17; 8:45 am]
does not make any substantive changes the Internet at http://
BILLING CODE 4810–25–P
to the regulations currently applicable www.regulations.gov by searching for
to savings associations and savings and and locating Docket No. FAA–2017–
loan associations and does not 0624; or in person at the Docket
substantively affect these regulated DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Management Facility between 9 a.m.
entities or the public. It simply removes and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday,
obsolete provisions that are likely to be Federal Aviation Administration
except Federal holidays. The AD docket
a source of confusion. For these reasons, contains this AD, the regulatory
advance notice and comment under the 14 CFR Part 39
evaluation, any comments received, and
APA are unnecessary and not in the [Docket No. FAA–2017–0624; Product other information. The street address for
public interest. Identifier 2016–NM–135–AD; Amendment the Docket Office (telephone 800–647–
39–19067; AD 2017–20–10] 5527) is Docket Management Facility,
Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis
RIN 2120–AA64 U.S. Department of Transportation,
The Regulatory Flexibility Act 4 (RFA) Docket Operations, M–30, West
applies only to rules for which an Building Ground Floor, Room W12–140,
Airworthiness Directives; Airbus
agency publishes a general notice of 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE.,
Airplanes
proposed rulemaking pursuant to 5 Washington, DC 20590.
U.S.C. 553(b). Pursuant to the APA at 5 AGENCY: Federal Aviation FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
U.S.C. 553(b)(B), general notice and an Administration (FAA), Department of
opportunity for public comment are not Sanjay Ralhan, Aerospace Engineer,
Transportation (DOT). International Section, Transport
required prior to the issuance of a final ACTION: Final rule.
rule when an agency, for good cause, Standards Branch, FAA, 1601 Lind
finds that ‘‘notice and public procedure Avenue SW., Renton, WA 98057–3356;
SUMMARY: We are adopting a new
thereon are impracticable, unnecessary, telephone 425–227–1405; fax 425–227–
airworthiness directive (AD) for all
or contrary to the public interest.’’ As 1149.
Airbus Model A319 series airplanes,
discussed above, the Department of the Model A320–211, –212, –214, –231, SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Treasury has determined for good cause –232, and –233 airplanes, and Model Discussion
that the APA does not require notice A321–111, –112, –131, –211, –212,
and public comment on this final rule –213, –231, and –232 airplanes. This AD We issued a notice of proposed
and, therefore, it is not publishing a was prompted by a runway excursion rulemaking (NPRM) to amend 14 CFR
notice of proposed rulemaking. Thus, due to an unexpected thrust increase part 39 by adding an AD that would
the RFA, pursuant 5 U.S.C. 601(2), does leading to an unstable approach apply to all Airbus Model A319 series
not apply to this final rule. performed using the current flight airplanes, Model A320–211, –212, –214,
management and guidance computer –231, –232, and –233 airplanes, and
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Model A321–111, –112, –131, –211,
(FMGC) standard. This AD requires
Section 202 of the Unfunded identification of potentially affected –212, –213, –231, and –232 airplanes.
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 requires FMGCs, replacement of any affected The NPRM published in the Federal
that an agency prepare a budgetary FMGC, and applicable concurrent Register on June 29, 2017 (82 FR 29440)
impact statement before promulgating actions. We are issuing this AD to (‘‘the NPRM’’). The NPRM was
any rule likely to result in a Federal address the unsafe condition on these prompted by a runway excursion due to
mandate that may result in the products. an unexpected thrust increase leading to
expenditure by state, local, and tribal an unstable approach performed using
governments, in the aggregate, or by the DATES: This AD is effective November the current FMGC standard. The NPRM
15, 2017. proposed to require identification of
ethrower on DSK3G9T082PROD with RULES
private sector, of $100 million or more
in any one year, adjusted for inflation.5 The Director of the Federal Register potentially affected FMGCs,
Because this final rule removes approved the incorporation by reference replacement of any affected FMGC, and
inoperative and superseded regulations, of certain publications listed in this AD applicable concurrent actions. We are
as of November 15, 2017. issuing this AD to prevent unstable
4 (Pub. L. 96–354, Sept. 19, 1980). ADDRESSES: For service information approaches due to an unexpected thrust
5 Public Law 104–4 (2 U.S.C. 1532). identified in this final rule, contact increase, which could result in reduced
VerDate Sep<11>2014 20:04 Oct 10, 2017 Jkt 244001 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\11OCR1.SGM 11OCR1](https://thefederalregister.org/doc/82_FR_47279/page/1.svg)
![Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 195 / Wednesday, October 11, 2017 / Rules and Regulations 47085
controllability of the airplane and System type 2 (FMS2) and FG standard, considered the comment received. Air
runway excursions. which introduces additional operational Line Pilots Association, International
The European Aviation Safety Agency capabilities, including Runway Overrun supported the NPRM.
(EASA), which is the Technical Agent Protection System/Runway Overrun Warning
(ROPS/ROW) and Autopilot/Traffic Collision Conclusion
for the Member States of the European Avoidance System (AP/TCAS). It was
Union, has issued EASA Airworthiness determined that the ROPS, in a scenario We reviewed the relevant data,
Directive 2016–0122, dated June 21, similar to the one described above, would considered the comment received, and
2016 (referred to after this as the have triggered a <<RUNWAY TOO SHORT>> determined that air safety and the
Mandatory Continuing Airworthiness aural alert before touchdown. Information public interest require adopting this AD
Information, or ‘‘the MCAI’’), to correct was made available through Airbus Service as proposed, except for minor editorial
an unsafe condition for all Airbus Information Letter (SIL) 22–039 (later
changes. We have determined that these
superseded by Word In Service Experience
Model A319 series airplanes, Model (WISE) In Service Information 22.83.00003), minor changes:
A320–211, –212, –214, –231, –232, and and EASA published Safety Information • Are consistent with the intent that
–233 airplanes, and Model A321–111, Bulletin (SIB) 2013–19, recommending the was proposed in the NPRM for
–112, –131, –211, –212, –213, –231, and FMGC upgrade. correcting the unsafe condition; and
232 airplanes. The MCAI states: Since EASA SIB was published, it was • Do not add any additional burden
determined that many operators have chosen
Following an instrument landing system upon the public than was already
not to implement the optional upgrade that
(ILS) approach, during night, in rainy improves the ATHR behaviour. proposed in the NPRM.
condition, an A321 aeroplane experienced a More recently, prompted by a
longitudinal runway excursion. Investigation Related Service Information Under 1
recommendation from the BEA (Bureau CFR Part 51
revealed that the approach was not stabilized d’Enquêtes et d’Analyses pour la sécurité de
with an overspeed of 19 knots (kts) over the l’aviation civile) of France, to reduce the risk
runway threshold, followed by a long flare
Airbus has issued the following
of further runway excursions due to service information, which describes
(18 seconds) with touchdown far behind the uninterrupted unstable approaches
touchdown zone. The aeroplane exited the procedures for replacement of any
performed with the legacy FMGC standard,
runway at 75 kts and came to rest around 300 affected FMGC with a serviceable
EASA decided to require installation of at
meters beyond the end of the runway. During least the first version of the FMS2 and FMGC. These documents are distinct
the final approach, at 150 feet Radio associated FG for legacy aeroplanes. since they apply to different airplane
Altimeter (RA) altitude, the corrected DGAC [Direction Générale de l’Aviation configurations.
airspeed of the aeroplane was 165 kts (24 kts
overspeed). Auto thrust (ATHR) commanded
Civile] France issued AD 1999–411–140(B)R1 • Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–
[which corresponds to FAA AD 2000–12–13, 1090, Revision 11, dated July 20, 2004.
a transient N1 increase up to 70% due to the Amendment 39–11791 (65 FR 37845, June
ATHR speed Mach control law. • Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–
19, 2000) (‘‘AD 2000–12–13’’)] and AD 1998–
The ATHR system on A320 family 226–119(B)R1 [which corresponds to FAA
1103, Revision 04, dated March 12,
aeroplane was designed to maintain AD 98–19–08, Amendment 39–10750 (63 FR 2004.
accurately the aircraft speed/Mach to speed/ 50503, September 22, 1998)] to address • Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–
Mach target by commanding the thrust, different unsafe conditions, requiring to 1116, Revision 04, dated March 29,
featuring also a trade-off at low altitude install a certain previous FMGC standard that 2004.
between thrust corrections to maintain speed
equal to speed target and too large thrust
may be susceptible to the ‘‘Spurious thrust • Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–
increase during approach’’.
corrections destabilizing the aircraft 1152, Revision 03, dated February 18,
For the reasons described above, this
trajectory near the ground. The conclusions [EASA] AD * * * requires replacement of 2005.
of the investigations were that the main the affected FMGC units with upgraded units • Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–
contributor to this runway excursion was a [and applicable concurrent actions]. 1243, Revision 05, dated May 31, 2010.
non-stabilized approach not followed by a • Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–
go-around. ATHR misbehaviour in case of Concurrent actions include the
large overspeed led to an unexpected thrust installation of certain FMGCs, wiring, 1519, Revision 02, dated December 21,
increase, which is considered as a display management computers, wiring 2015.
contributor to the long flare. associated with pin programming, and This service information is reasonably
This ATHR characteristic, reported as applicable operational program available because the interested parties
‘‘Spurious thrust increase during approach,’’ configuration disks. You may examine have access to it through their normal
was initially found in 1996 and a the MCAI in the AD docket on the course of business or by the means
modification was developed and introduced identified in the ADDRESSES section.
in Flight Guidance (FG) 2G standard ‘‘C8 or
Internet at http://www.regulations.gov
I8’’ (C for CFM engines and I for IAE engines) by searching for and locating Docket No. Costs of Compliance
in 2001. FAA–2017–0624.
Prompted by these findings, Airbus We estimate that this AD affects 1,032
Comments airplanes of U.S. registry.
introduced a programme to encourage
operators to replace the FMGC Legacy with We gave the public the opportunity to We estimate the following costs to
the FMGC equipped with Flight Management participate in developing this AD. We comply with this AD:
ESTIMATED COSTS
Cost per Cost on U.S.
Action Labor cost Parts cost product operators
Inspection ........................................................ 1 work-hour × $85 per hour = $85 ................. $0 $85 $87,720
ethrower on DSK3G9T082PROD with RULES
We estimate the following costs to do based on the results of the inspection. number of aircraft that might need these
any necessary replacements required We have no way of determining the replacements.
VerDate Sep<11>2014 20:04 Oct 10, 2017 Jkt 244001 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\11OCR1.SGM 11OCR1](https://thefederalregister.org/doc/82_FR_47279/page/2.svg)
![47086 Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 195 / Wednesday, October 11, 2017 / Rules and Regulations
ON-CONDITION COSTS
Cost per
Action Labor cost Parts cost product
Replacement ................................................................. 9 work-hours × $85 per hour = $765 ........................... $30,000 $30,765
Authority for This Rulemaking on a substantial number of small entities reduced controllability of the airplane and
under the criteria of the Regulatory runway excursions.
Title 49 of the United States Code
specifies the FAA’s authority to issue Flexibility Act. (f) Compliance
rules on aviation safety. Subtitle I, List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 39 Comply with this AD within the
section 106, describes the authority of compliance times specified, unless already
Air transportation, Aircraft, Aviation
the FAA Administrator. ‘‘Subtitle VII: done.
safety, Incorporation by reference,
Aviation Programs,’’ describes in more (g) Inspection and Replacement of Affected
Safety.
detail the scope of the Agency’s FMGC
authority. Adoption of the Amendment
We are issuing this rulemaking under (1) Within 36 months after the effective
Accordingly, under the authority date of this AD: Inspect the FMGC to
the authority described in ‘‘Subtitle VII, delegated to me by the Administrator, determine if any FMGC with an affected part
Part A, Subpart III, Section 44701: the FAA amends 14 CFR part 39 as number identified in Figure 1 to paragraphs
General requirements.’’ Under that follows: (g)(1), (g)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), and (j) of this AD
section, Congress charges the FAA with is installed. A review of airplane
promoting safe flight of civil aircraft in PART 39—AIRWORTHINESS maintenance records is acceptable in lieu of
air commerce by prescribing regulations DIRECTIVES inspecting the FMGC, provided those records
for practices, methods, and procedures can be relied upon for that purpose and the
the Administrator finds necessary for ■ 1. The authority citation for part 39 part number of the FMGC can be
safety in air commerce. This regulation continues to read as follows: conclusively identified from that review.
is within the scope of that authority (2) If any affected FMGC with an affected
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701. part number identified in Figure 1 to
because it addresses an unsafe condition
§ 39.13 [Amended] paragraphs (g)(1), (g)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), and (j)
that is likely to exist or develop on of this AD is found during any inspection or
products identified in this rulemaking ■ 2. The FAA amends § 39.13 by adding review required by paragraph (g)(1) of this
action. the following new airworthiness AD: Within 36 months after the effective date
This AD is issued in accordance with directive (AD): of this AD, replace the FMGC with a
authority delegated by the Executive serviceable FMGC having a part number that
2017–20–10 Airbus: Amendment 39–19067;
Director, Aircraft Certification Service, Docket No. FAA–2017–0624; Product is not identified in Figure 1 to paragraphs
as authorized by FAA Order 8000.51C. Identifier 2016–NM–135–AD. (g)(1), (g)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), and (j) of this AD,
In accordance with that order, issuance in accordance with the Accomplishment
of ADs is normally a function of the (a) Effective Date Instructions and paragraph 1.B. (concurrent
Compliance and Airworthiness This AD is effective November 15, 2017. actions) of the applicable service information
Division, but during this transition specified in paragraphs (g)(2)(i) through
(b) Affected ADs (g)(2)(vi) of this AD, or using a method
period, the Executive Director has approved by the Manager, International
This AD affects AD 2000–12–13,
delegated the authority to issue ADs Amendment 39–11791 (65 FR 37845, June Section, Transport Standards Branch, FAA;
applicable to transport category 19, 2000) (‘‘AD 2000–12–13’’). or the European Aviation Safety Agency
airplanes to the Director of the System (EASA); or Airbus’s EASA Design
Oversight Division. (c) Applicability Organization Approval (DOA). Refer to
This AD applies to the Airbus airplanes, Figure 2 to paragraph (g)(2) of this AD and
Regulatory Findings certificated in any category, identified in Figure 3 to paragraph (g)(2) of this AD for the
We determined that this AD will not paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(3) of this AD, all lists of approved eligible FMGCs certified as
have federalism implications under manufacturer serial numbers. of the effective date of this AD.
Executive Order 13132. This AD will (1) Airbus Model A319–111, –112, –113, (i) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–1090,
not have a substantial direct effect on –114, –115, –131, –132, and –133 airplanes. Revision 11, dated July 20, 2004 (installation
(2) Airbus Model A320–211, –212, –214, of FMGC part number (P/N) C13042BA01).
the States, on the relationship between –231, –232, and –233 airplanes. (ii) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–1103,
the national government and the States, (3) Airbus Model A321–111, –112, –131, Revision 04, dated March 12, 2004
or on the distribution of power and –211, –212, –213, –231, and –232 airplanes. (installation of FMGC P/N C13043AA01).
responsibilities among the various (iii) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–
levels of government. (d) Subject
1116, Revision 04, dated March 29, 2004
For the reasons discussed above, I Air Transport Association (ATA) of (installation of FMGC P/N C13043BA01).
certify that this AD: America Code 22, Auto Flight. (iv) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–
1. Is not a ‘‘significant regulatory (e) Reason 1152, Revision 03, dated February 18, 2005
action’’ under Executive Order 12866; (installation of FMGC P/N C13043AA02).
This AD was prompted by a report of a
2. Is not a ‘‘significant rule’’ under the runway excursion due to an unexpected
(v) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–1243,
DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures Revision 05, dated May 31, 2010 (installation
thrust increase leading to an unstable
ethrower on DSK3G9T082PROD with RULES
(44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979); of FMGC P/N C13043BA04).
approach performed using the current flight
3. Will not affect intrastate aviation in (vi) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–
management and guidance computer (FMGC)
Alaska; and 1519, Revision 02, dated December 21, 2015
standard. We are issuing this AD to prevent
4. Will not have a significant (installation of FMGC P/N C13207CA00).
unstable approaches due to an unexpected
economic impact, positive or negative, thrust increase, which could result in BILLING CODE 4910–13–P
VerDate Sep<11>2014 20:04 Oct 10, 2017 Jkt 244001 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\11OCR1.SGM 11OCR1](https://thefederalregister.org/doc/82_FR_47279/page/3.svg)
![Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 195 / Wednesday, October 11, 2017 / Rules and Regulations 47091
any approved AMOC, notify your appropriate Issued in Renton, Washington, on www.regulations.gov by searching for
principal inspector, or lacking a principal September 20, 2017. and locating Docket No. FAA–2017–
inspector, the manager of the local flight Dionne Palermo, 0515; or in person at the Docket
standards district office/certificate holding Acting Director, System Oversight Division, Management Facility between 9 a.m.
district office. Aircraft Certification Service.
(2) Contacting the Manufacturer: For any
and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday,
requirement in this AD to obtain corrective [FR Doc. 2017–21224 Filed 10–10–17; 8:45 am] except Federal holidays. The AD docket
actions from a manufacturer, the action must BILLING CODE 4910–13–P contains this AD, the regulatory
be accomplished using a method approved evaluation, any comments received, and
by the Manager, International Section, other information. The street address for
Transport Standards Branch, FAA; or EASA; DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION the Docket Office (telephone: 800–647–
or Airbus’s EASA DOA. If approved by the 5527) is Docket Management Facility,
DOA, the approval must include the DOA- Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation,
authorized signature. Docket Operations, M–30, West
(n) Related Information
14 CFR Part 39 Building Ground Floor, Room W12–140,
(1) Refer to Mandatory Continuing [Docket No. FAA–2017–0515; Product 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE.,
Airworthiness Information (MCAI) EASA Identifier 2016–NM–171–AD; Amendment Washington, DC 20590.
Airworthiness Directive 2016–0122, dated 39–19061; AD 2017–20–04] FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dan
June 21, 2016, for related information. This RIN 2120–AA64 Rodina, Aerospace Engineer,
MCAI may be found in the AD docket on the International Section, Transport
Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Standards Branch, FAA, 1601 Lind
searching for and locating Docket No. FAA– Airplanes Avenue SW., Renton, WA 98057–3356;
2017–0624.
telephone: 425–227–2125; fax: 425–
(2) For more information about this AD, AGENCY: Federal Aviation
contact Sanjay Ralhan, Aerospace Engineer, 227–1149.
Administration (FAA), Department of
International Section, Transport Standards SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Transportation (DOT).
Branch, FAA, 1601 Lind Avenue SW.,
ACTION: Final rule. Discussion
Renton, WA 98057–3356; telephone 425–
227–1405; fax 425–227–1149. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new We issued a notice of proposed
(3) Service information identified in this
airworthiness directive (AD) for certain rulemaking (NPRM) to amend 14 CFR
AD that is not incorporated by reference is part 39 by adding an AD that would
available at the addresses specified in Airbus Model A300 B4–600, B4–600R,
and F4–600R series airplanes, Model apply to certain Airbus Model A300 B4–
paragraphs (o)(3) and (o)(4) of this AD. 600, B4–600R, and F4–600R series
A300 C4–605R Variant F airplanes
(o) Material Incorporated by Reference airplanes, Model A300 C4–605R Variant
(collectively called Model A300–600
(1) The Director of the Federal Register F airplanes (collectively called Model
series airplanes), and Model A310 series
approved the incorporation by reference A300–600 series airplanes), and Model
airplanes. This AD was prompted by
(IBR) of the service information listed in this A310 series airplanes. The NPRM
reports of unreliable airspeed
paragraph under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR published in the Federal Register on
indications that were caused by pitot
part 51. June 9, 2017 (82 FR 26758) (‘‘the
(2) You must use this service information heater resistance shorted to ground.
NPRM’’). The NPRM was prompted by
as applicable to do the actions required by This AD requires replacement of certain
reports of unreliable airspeed
this AD, unless this AD specifies otherwise. parts. We are issuing this AD to address
indications that were caused by pitot
(i) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–1090, the unsafe condition on these products.
heater resistance shorted to ground. The
Revision 11, dated July 20, 2004. DATES: This AD is effective November
(ii) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–1103, NPRM proposed to require replacement
15, 2017. of certain parts. We are issuing this AD
Revision 04, dated March 12, 2004. The Director of the Federal Register
(iii) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22– to ensure proper flight crew awareness
approved the incorporation by reference of unreliable airspeed indications. This
1116, Revision 04, dated March 29, 2004.
(iv) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–
of certain publications listed in this AD condition, if not recognized by the flight
1152, Revision 03, dated February 18, 2005. as of November 15, 2017. crew, could possibly result in reduced
(v) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22–1243, ADDRESSES: For service information control of the airplane.
Revision 05, dated May 31, 2010. identified in this final rule, contact The European Aviation Safety Agency
(vi) Airbus Service Bulletin A320–22– Airbus SAS, Airworthiness Office— (EASA), which is the Technical Agent
1519, Revision 02, dated December 21, 2015. EAW, 1 Rond Point Maurice Bellonte, for the Member States of the European
(3) For service information identified in 31707 Blagnac Cedex, France;
this AD, contact Airbus, Airworthiness Union, has issued EASA AD 2016–0195,
telephone: +33 5 61 93 36 96; fax: +33 dated September 30, 2016 (referred to
Office—EIAS, 1 Rond Point Maurice
Bellonte, 31707 Blagnac Cedex, France;
5 61 93 44 51; email: account.airworth- after this as the Mandatory Continuing
telephone +33 5 61 93 36 96; fax +33 5 61 eas@airbus.com; Internet: http:// Airworthiness Information, or ‘‘the
93 44 51; email account.airworth-eas@ www.airbus.com. You may view this MCAI’’), to correct an unsafe condition
airbus.com; Internet http://www.airbus.com. referenced service information at the for certain Airbus Model A300 B4–600,
(4) You may view this service information FAA, Transport Standards Branch, 1601 B4–600R, and F4–600R series airplanes,
at the FAA, Transport Standards Branch, Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA. For Model A300 C4–605R Variant F
1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA. For information on the availability of this airplanes (collectively called Model
information on the availability of this material at the FAA, call 425–227–1221.
material at the FAA, call 425–227–1221. A300–600 series airplanes), and Model
It is also available on the Internet at A310 series airplanes. The MCAI states:
(5) You may view this service information
ethrower on DSK3G9T082PROD with RULES
that is incorporated by reference at the
http://www.regulations.gov by searching
An operator recently reported two events
National Archives and Records for and locating Docket No. FAA–2017– of unreliable airspeed indications.
Administration (NARA). For information on 0515. Investigations revealed that in both events, a
the availability of this material at NARA, call Examining the AD Docket Pitot heater resistance was shorted to ground.
202–741–6030, or go to: http:// Pitot probes are heated to prevent ice
www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr- You may examine the AD docket on accretion. De-icing performance of the Pitot
locations.html. the Internet at http:// probe might be reduced if Pitot probe heater
VerDate Sep<11>2014 20:04 Oct 10, 2017 Jkt 244001 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\11OCR1.SGM 11OCR1](https://thefederalregister.org/doc/82_FR_47279/page/8.svg)
Document Created: 2018-10-25 10:00:05
Document Modified: 2018-10-25 10:00:05
| Category | Regulatory Information | |
| Collection | Federal Register | |
| sudoc Class | AE 2.7: GS 4.107: AE 2.106: | |
| Publisher | Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration | |
| Section | Rules and Regulations | |
| Action | Final rule. | |
| Dates | This AD is effective November 15, 2017. | |
| Contact | Sanjay Ralhan, Aerospace Engineer, International Section, Transport Standards Branch, FAA, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA 98057-3356; telephone 425-227-1405; fax 425-227- 1149. | |
| FR Citation | 82 FR 47084 | |
| RIN Number | 2120-AA64 | |
| CFR Associated | Air Transportation; Aircraft; Aviation Safety; Incorporation by Reference and Safety |
2025 Federal Register | Disclaimer | Privacy Policy
USC | CFR | eCFR