SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

On April 28, 2026, Commerce published the Preliminary Determination and invited interested parties to comment.^[1] On May 26, 2026, Commerce published the Amended Preliminary Determination in this investigation.^[2] The deadline for this final determination is September 10, 2026.

For a complete description of the events that occurred since the Preliminary Determination, see the Issues and Decision Memorandum.^[3] The Issues and Decision Memorandum is a public document and is on file electronically via Enforcement and Compliance's Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Centralized Electronic Service System (ACCESS). ACCESS is available to registered users at access.trade.gov. In addition, a complete version of the Issues and Decision Memorandum can be accessed directly at access.trade.gov/​frnotices.

Scope of the Investigation

The products covered by this investigation are solar cells from Laos. For a complete description of the scope of this investigation, see Appendix I.

Scope Comments

In the Preliminary Scope Memorandum, we set aside a period of time for parties to raise issues regarding product coverage ( i.e., scope) in scope-specific case briefs or other written comments.^[4] We received scope case and rebuttal briefs from multiple interested parties. For a summary of the product coverage comments and rebuttal responses submitted to the record for this final determination, and accompanying discussion and analysis of all comments timely received, see the Final Scope Memorandum.^[5] In the Final Scope Memorandum, Commerce determined that it is not modifying the scope language as it appeared in the Initiation Notice.⁶ See Appendix I.

Verification

Commerce conducted verification of the information relied upon in making its final determination in this investigation, as provided in section 782(i) of the Act. Specifically, in May 2026, we conducted on-site verification of the data reported by Solarspace, using standard verification procedures, including an examination of relevant sales and accounting records.^[7]

Analysis of Comments Received

The issues raised in the case and rebuttal briefs by interested parties in this investigation are discussed in the Issues and Decision Memorandum. For a list of the issues addressed in the Issues and Decision Memorandum, see Appendix II.

Final Affirmative Determination of Critical Circumstances

In the Preliminary Determination, in accordance with section 733(e)(1) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (the Act), and 19 CFR 351.206(c)(1), Commerce preliminarily found that critical circumstances exist with respect to imports of solar cells exported by the separate-rate companies and the Laos-wide entity, but do not exist for Solarspace Technology (Laos) Sole Co., Ltd. (Solarspace).^[8] Our determination of critical circumstances is unchanged for the final determination, except that we have determined to treat Solarspace and SolarSpace Technology (Hong Kong) Limited (SolarSpace Hong Kong) as a single entity.^[9] As a result, we are no longer treating SolarSpace Hong Kong individually as a separate-rate company, but as part of a single entity with Solarspace (Solarspace/SolarSpace Hong Kong). Accordingly, pursuant to section 735(a)(3)(B) of the Act and 19 CFR 351.206, we continue to find that critical circumstances exist for the separate-rate companies and the Laos-wide entity, but do not exist for Solarspace/SolarSpace Hong Kong. For further information, see the Issues and Decision Memorandum.^[10]

Changes Since the Amended Preliminary Determination

Based on our review and analysis of the comments received from interested parties, we made certain changes to the margin calculations for Solarspace. For a discussion of these changes, see the Issues and Decision Memorandum.

Separate Rates and Laos-Wide Entity

We received comments on the separate rate status of certain companies in this investigation. For a discussion of these comments, see the Issues and Decision Memorandum. After analyzing these comments, we continue to grant separate rates to certain respondents that we did not select for individual examination. In calculating the rate for non-individually examined separate rate respondents in a non-market economy LTFV investigation, Commerce normally looks to section 735(c)(5)(A) of the Act, which pertains to the calculation of the all-others rate in a market economy LTFV investigation, for guidance. Pursuant to section 735(c)(5)(A) of the Act, normally this rate shall be an amount equal to the weighted-average of the estimated weighted-average dumping margins established for those companies individually examined, excluding zero and de minimis estimated weighted- ( printed page 58635) average dumping margins and any estimated weighted-average dumping margins based entirely under section 776 of the Act.

Solarspace is the only individually examined respondent in this investigation, and Commerce calculated an estimated weighted-average dumping margin for Solarspace that is not zero, de minimis, or based entirely on facts available. Thus, we assigned the weighted-average dumping margin calculated for Solarspace to the non-examined separate rate companies in this investigation ( i.e., (1) JA Solar Vietnam Co. Ltd. (JA Solar); (2) Trina Solar Energy Development Pte. Ltd. (Trina Solar); and (3) Trina Solar Science & Technology (Thailand) Company Limited (Trina Thailand)).

Additionally, because we preliminarily found that the Laos-wide entity cooperated in this investigation, we preliminarily assigned the estimated weighted-average dumping margin calculated for Solarpsace as the estimated weighted-average dumping margin for the Laos-wide entity. No party commented on our preliminary finding with respect to the Laos-wide entity. Therefore, we continue to assign the estimated weighted-average dumping margin calculated for Solarspace to the Laos-wide entity.

Combination Rates

Consistent with the Initiation Notice,^[11] the Preliminary Determination, and Policy Bulletin 05.1,^[12] Commerce calculated a combination rate for Solarspace and the non-examined separate rate respondents ( i.e., JA Solar, Trina Solar, and Trina Thailand).

Final Determination

Commerce determines that the following estimated weighted-average dumping margins exist for the period January 1, 2025, through June 30, 2025:

Disclosure

Commerce intends to disclose the calculations and analysis performed in this final determination to interested parties within five days of any public announcement or, if there is no public announcement, within five days of the date of publication of this notice, in accordance with 19 CFR 351.224(b).

Continuation of Suspension of Liquidation

In accordance with section 733(d)(1)(B) of the Act, we will instruct U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to suspend liquidation of all entries of subject merchandise, as described in Appendix I of this notice, which were entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption, on or after April 28, 2026, the date of publication of the Preliminary Determination in the Federal Register .

To determine the cash deposit rate, Commerce normally adjusts the estimated weighted-average dumping margin by the amount of domestic subsidy pass-through and export subsidies determined in a companion countervailing duty (CVD) proceeding when CVD provisional measures are in effect. Accordingly, where Commerce makes an affirmative determination for domestic subsidy pass-through or export subsidies, Commerce offsets the calculated estimated weighted-average dumping margin by the appropriate rates.

If the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) issues a final affirmative injury determination, we will issue an antidumping duty order, reinstate the suspension of liquidation under section 736(a) of the Act, and require a cash deposit of estimated antidumping duties for such entries of subject merchandise in the amounts indicated above, in accordance with section 736(a) of the Act, as follows: (1) the cash deposit rate for the producer/exporter combinations listed in the table above will be the rate identified in the table; (2) for all combinations of Laotian producers/exporters of subject merchandise that have not established eligibility for their own separate rates, the cash deposit rate will be the rate established for the Laos-wide entity; and (3) for all third country exporters of subject merchandise not listed in the table above, the cash deposit rate will be the cash deposit rate applicable to the Laotian producer/exporter combination (or Laos-wide entity) that supplied that third-country exporter.

If the ITC determines that material injury, or threat of material injury, does not exist, this proceeding will be terminated, and all estimated duties deposited or securities posted as a result of the suspension of liquidation will be refunded or canceled.

ITC Notification

In accordance with section 735(d) of the Act, we will notify the ITC of our final affirmative determination of sales at LTFV. Because the final determination in this investigation is affirmative, in accordance with section 735(b)(2) of the Act, the ITC will make its final determination as to whether the domestic industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of imports of solar cells from Laos no later than 45 days after our final determination. If the ITC determines that such material injury or threat of material injury does not exist, this proceeding will be terminated, all cash deposits posted will be refunded, and suspension of liquidation will be lifted. If the ITC determines that such injury does exist, Commerce will issue an antidumping ( printed page 58636) duty order directing CBP to assess, upon further instruction by Commerce, antidumping duties on all imports of the subject merchandise entered or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption on or after the effective date of the suspension of liquidation, as discussed in the “Continuation of Suspension of Liquidation” section.

Administrative Protective Order (APO)

This notice also serves as a final reminder to parties subject to APO of their responsibility concerning the return or destruction of proprietary information disclosed under APO in accordance with 19 CFR 351.305(a)(3), which continues to govern business proprietary information in this segment of the proceeding. Timely written notification of the return or destruction of APO materials, or conversion to judicial protective order, is hereby requested. Failure to comply with the regulations and terms of an APO is a violation which is subject to sanction.

Notification to Interested Parties

This determination is issued and published in accordance with sections 735(d) and 777(i)(1) of the Act, and 19 CFR 351.210(c).

Appendix I

Scope of the Investigation

The merchandise covered by this investigation is crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, and modules, laminates, and panels, consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products, including, but not limited to, modules, laminates, panels and building integrated materials.

This investigation covers crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells of thickness equal to or greater than 20 micrometers, having a p/n junction formed by any means, whether or not the cell has undergone other processing, including, but not limited to, cleaning, etching, coating, and/or addition of materials (including, but not limited to, metallization and conductor patterns) to collect and forward the electricity that is generated by the cell.

Merchandise under consideration may be described at the time of importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled after importation, including, but not limited to, modules, laminates, panels, building-integrated modules, building integrated panels, or other finished goods kits. Such parts that otherwise meet the definition of merchandise under consideration are included in the scope of the investigation.

Excluded from the scope of the investigation are thin film photovoltaic products produced from amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).

Also excluded from the scope of the investigation are crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, not exceeding 10,000 mm² in surface area, that are permanently integrated into a consumer good whose function is other than power generation and that consumes the electricity generated by the integrated crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell. Where more than one cell is permanently integrated into a consumer good, the surface area for purposes of this exclusion shall be the total combined surface area of all cells that are integrated into the consumer good.

Additionally, excluded from the scope of the investigation are panels with surface area from 3,450 mm² to 33,782 mm² with one black wire and one red wire (each of type 22 AWG or 24 AWG not more than 206 mm in length when measured from panel extrusion), and not exceeding 2.9 volts, 1.1 amps, and 3.19 watts. For the purposes of this exclusion, no panel shall contain an internal battery or external computer peripheral ports.

Also excluded from the scope of the investigation are:

(1) Off grid CSPV panels in rigid form with a glass cover, with the following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 100 watts or less per panel; (B) a maximum surface area of 8,000 cm² per panel; (C) do not include a built-in inverter; (D) must include a permanently connected wire that terminates in either an 8 mm male barrel connector, or a two-port rectangular connector with two pins in square housings of different colors; (E) must include visible parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters across each solar cell; and (F) must be in individual retail packaging (for purposes of this provision, retail packaging typically includes graphics, the product name, its description and/or features, and foam for transport); and

(2) Off grid CSPV panels without a glass cover, with the following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 100 watts or less per panel; (B) a maximum surface area of 8,000 cm² per panel; (C) do not include a built-in inverter; (D) must include visible parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters across each solar cell; and (E) each panel is (1) permanently integrated into a consumer good; (2) encased in a laminated material without stitching, or (3) has all of the following characteristics: (i) the panel is encased in sewn fabric with visible stitching, (ii) includes a mesh zippered storage pocket, and (iii) includes a permanently attached wire that terminates in a female USB-A connector.

In addition, the following CSPV panels are excluded from the scope of the investigation: off-grid CSPV panels in rigid form with a glass cover, with each of the following physical characteristics, whether or not assembled into a fully completed off-grid hydropanel whose function is conversion of water vapor into liquid water: (A) a total power output of no more than 80 watts per panel; (B) a surface area of less than 5,000 square centimeters (cm² ) per panel; (C) do not include a built-in inverter; (D) do not have a frame around the edges of the panel; (E) include a clear glass back panel; and (F) must include a permanently connected wire that terminates in a twoport rectangular connector.

Additionally excluded from the scope of this investigation are off-grid small portable crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels, with or without a glass cover, with the following characteristics: (1) a total power output of 200 watts or less per panel; (2) a maximum surface area of 16,000 cm² per panel; (3) no built-in inverter; (4) an integrated handle or a handle attached to the package for ease of carry; (5) one or more integrated kickstands for easy installation or angle adjustment; and (6) a wire of not less than 3 meters either permanently connected or attached to the package that terminates in an 8 mm diameter male barrel connector.

Also excluded from the scope of this investigation are off-grid crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels in rigid form with a glass cover, with each of the following physical characteristics, whether or not assembled into a fully completed off-grid hydropanel whose function is conversion of water vapor into liquid water: (A) a total power output of no more than 180 watts per panel at 155 degrees Celsius; (B) a surface area of less than 16,000 square centimeters (cm² ) per panel; (C) include a keep-out area of approximately 1,200 cm² around the edges of the panel that does not contain solar cells; (D) do not include a built-in inverter; (E) do not have a frame around the edges of the panel; (F) include a clear glass back panel; (G) must include a permanently connected wire that terminates in a two-port rounded rectangular, sealed connector; (H) include a thermistor installed into the permanently connected wire before the twoport connector; and (I) include exposed positive and negative terminals at opposite ends of the panel, not enclosed in a junction box.

Further excluded from the scope of the investigation are:

(1) Off grid rigid CSPV panels with a glass cover, with the following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 200 watts or less per panel, (B) a maximum surface area of 10,500 cm² per panel, (C) do not include a built-in inverter, (D) must include a permanently connected wire that terminates in waterproof connector with a cylindrical positive electrode and a rectangular negative electrode with the positive and negative electrodes having an interlocking structure, (E) must include visible parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters across each solar cell, and (F) must be in individual retail packaging (for purposes of this provision, retail packaging typically includes graphics, the product name, its description and/or features); and

(2) Off-grid small portable crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels, with or without a glass cover, with the following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 200 watts or less per panel, (B) a maximum surface area of 16,000 cm² per panel, (C) no built-in inverter, (D) an integrated handle or a handle attached to the package for ease of carry, (E) one or more integrated kickstands ( printed page 58637) for easy installation or angle adjustment, and (F) a wire either permanently connected or attached to the package terminates in waterproof connector with a cylindrical positive electrode and a rectangular negative electrode with the positive and negative electrodes having an interlocking structure.

Also excluded from the scope of the investigation are:

(1) Off grid rigid CSPV panels with a glass cover, with the following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 200 watts or less per panel, (B) a maximum surface area of 10,500 cm² per panel, (C) do not include a built-in inverter, (D) must include a permanently connected wire that terminates in waterproof connector with a cylindrical positive electrode and a rectangular negative electrode with the positive and negative electrodes having an interlocking structure, (E) must include visible parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters across each solar cell, and (F) must be in individual retail packaging (for purposes of this provision, retail packaging typically includes graphics, the product name, its description and/or features); and

(2) Small off-grid panels with glass cover, with the following characteristics: (A) surface area from 3,450 mm² to 33,782 mm² , (B) with one black wire and one red wire (each of type 22AWG or 28 AWG not more than 350 mm in length when measured from panel extrusion), (C) not exceeding 10 volts, (D) not exceeding 1.1 amps, (E) not exceeding 6 watts, and (F) for the purposes of this exclusion, no panel shall contain an internal battery or external computer peripheral ports.

Additionally excluded from the scope of the investigation are:

(1) Off grid rigid CSPV panels with a glass cover, with the following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 175 watts or less per panel, (B) a maximum surface area of 9,000 cm² per panel, (C) do not include a built-in inverter, (D) must include a permanently connected wire that terminates in waterproof connector with a cylindrical positive electrode and a rectangular negative electrode with the positive and negative electrodes having an interlocking structure; (E) must include visible parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters across each solar cell, and (F) must be in individual retail packaging (for purposes of this provision, retail packaging typically includes graphics, the product name, its description and/or features); and

(2) Off grid CSPV panels without a glass cover, with the following characteristics, (A) a total power output of 220 watts or less per panel, (B) a maximum surface area of 16,000 cm² per panel, (C) do not include a built-in inverter, (D) must include visible parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters across each solar cell, and (E) each panel is encased in a laminated material without stitching.

Also excluded from the scope of this investigation are off-grid CSPV panels in rigid form, with or without a glass cover, permanently attached to an aluminum extrusion that is an integral component of an automation device that controls natural light, whether or not assembled into a fully completed automation device that controls natural light, with the following characteristics:

(1) a total power output of 20 watts or less per panel;

(2) a maximum surface area of 1,000 cm² per panel;

(3) does not include a built-in inverter for powering third party devices.

Modules, laminates, and panels produced in a third-country from cells produced in a subject country are covered by the investigation; however, modules, laminates, and panels produced in a subject country from cells produced in a third-country are not covered by the investigation.

Also excluded from the scope of this investigation are all products covered by the scope of the antidumping and countervailing duty orders on Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from the People's Republic of China: Amended Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, and Antidumping Order,77 FR 73018 (December 7, 2012); and Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from the People's Republic of China: Countervailing Duty Order,77 FR 73017 (December 7, 2012).

Also excluded from the scope of this investigation are all products covered by the scope of the antidumping and countervailing duty orders on Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Amended Final Antidumping Duty Determination; Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Antidumping duty Orders,90 FR 26786 (June 24, 2025); Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Amended Final Antidumping Duty Determination; Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Antidumping Duty Orders; Correction,90 FR 29843 (July 7, 2025); and Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from Malaysia and Thailand: Amended Final Countervailing Duty Determinations; Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Countervailing Duty Orders,90 FR 26791 (June 24, 2025).

Merchandise covered by the investigation is currently classified in the Harmonized Tariff System of the United States (HTSUS) under subheadings 8541.42.0010 and 8541.43.0010. Imports of the subject merchandise may enter under HTSUS subheadings 8501.71.0000, 8501.72.1000, 8501.72.2000, 8501.72.3000, 8501.72.9000, 8501.80.1000, 8501.80.2000, 8501.80.3000, 8501.80.9000, 8507.20.8010, 8507.20.8031, 8507.20.8041, 8507.20.8061, and 8507.20.8091. These HTSUS subheadings are provided for convenience and customs purposes; the written description of the scope of the investigation is dispositive.

Appendix II

List of Topics Discussed in the Issues and Decision Memorandum

I. Summary

II. Background

III. Affiliation and Single Entity Treatment

IV. Final Affirmative Determination of Critical Circumstance, in Part

V. Changes Since the Preliminary Determination

VI. Discussion of the Issues

Comment 1: Whether Laos Should Be Treated as a Non-Market Economy (NME) Country

Comment 2: Whether To Find that Critical Circumstances Exist for the Separate Rate Companies and the Laos-wide Entity

Comment 3: Whether Trina Solar Energy Development Pte. Ltd. (Trina Solar) and Trina Solar Science & Technology (Thailand) Company Limited (Trina Thailand) Should Be Denied Separate Rate Status

Comment 4: Whether to Exclude Solarspace's Sales to Certain Companies From the Margin Calculation

Comment 5: Whether to Collapse Solarspace and SolarSpace HK and Treat Them as a Single Entity

Comment 6: Whether to Apply Adverse Facts Available (AFA) to Certain of Solarspace's Reported Movement Expenses

Comment 7: Whether to Deduct Section 201 Duties and International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) Tariffs from U.S. Price for Solarspace

Comment 8: Whether to Grant a By-Product Offset for Solarspace's Production of Non-Prime Merchandise

Comment 9: Whether to Revise the Financial Statements Used to Calculate the Surrogate Financial Ratios

Comment 10: The Surrogate Value for Wafers

Comment 11: The Surrogate Value for Junction Boxes

Comment 12: The Surrogate Value for Solar Glass

Comment 13: The Surrogate Value for Aluminum Frames

Comment 14: The Surrogate Value for Silver Paste

Comment 15: The Surrogate Value for Liquid Oxygen

Comment 16: The Surrogate Value for PH Solution

Comment 17: The Surrogate Value for Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)

Comment 18: The Surrogate Value for Trimethylaluminum

Comment 19: The Surrogate Value for Bolts for Packing

Comment 20: The Surrogate Values for Boards for Packing and Packing Cover

Comment 21: The Surrogate Value for Boxes for Packing

Comment 22: The Surrogate Value for EVA For Packing

Comment 23: The Surrogate Values for Wood Corner Protectors and Carton Lids, and the Conversion Factor for Wood Corner Protectors

Comment 24: Whether to Use the Wholesale Price Index (WPI), Not the ( printed page 58638) Consumer Price Index (CPI) to Inflate Certain Services

Comment 25: Whether to Value Marine Insurance Using the Surrogate Value Submitted by Solarspace

Comment 26: Whether to Exclude the Russian Federation From Surrogate Value Data

VII. Recommendation

91 FR 58633